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501.
为北京铁路局各级防洪指挥部门 ,在汛期能够实时掌握所辖铁路范围内的降雨量情况 ,实现主动防洪 ,并做好铁路抗洪抢险准备工作 ,确保汛期铁路行车安全 ,笔者研究和开发了北京铁路局“降雨量远程实时监测系统”。概要介绍了系统软件的运行环境、数据库设计、系统功能以及系统达到的技术性能指标 ;重点分析了系统软件中数据的传输 ,以地理信息系统为平台的实时动态显示以及实时数据在Internet网上的发布技术 ;同时给出了系统在北京铁路局的应用案例 相似文献
502.
吴越 《中国安全科学学报》2004,14(11):73-75
由于传统居住街区的建筑通常为砖木结构 ,且年久失修 ,因此 ,防治火灾是保护城市传统居住街区的重点。笔者结合传统居住街区的特点 ,对其火灾事故致因从防火报警系统、疏散对策、灭火系统、建筑结构、个体素质等方面存在的缺陷进行了分析 ,并按照历史街区的保护原则 ,结合湘潭市中山路传统居住街区改造的案例 ,提出了疏通消防通道、完善基础设施建设、改善消防设施、对保护价值较低的传统居住街区实施拆旧建新、以人为本 ,群策群防等防范对策。 相似文献
503.
北京铁路局降雨量远程实时监测系统的研究与开发——系统结构及硬件 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
为北京铁路局各级防洪指挥部门在汛期能够实时掌握所辖铁路范围内的降雨量情况 ,实现主动防洪 ,并做好铁路抗洪抢险准备工作 ,确保汛期铁路行车安全 ,研究开发了北京铁路局“降雨量远程实时监测系统”。笔者介绍了系统的功能结构 ,重点分析了用于降雨量数据采集、传输的单片机雨量计、工业数据传输硬件设备技术 ,数据通讯协议以及网络通讯技术 相似文献
504.
Designing environmental monitoring networks to measure extremes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Howard Chang Audrey Qiuyan Fu Nhu D. Le James V. Zidek 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2007,14(3):301-321
This paper discusses challenges arising in the design of networks for monitoring extreme values over the domain of a random environmental space-time field {X ij } i = 1, . . . , I denoting site and j = 1, . . . denoting time (e.g. hour). The field of extremes for time span r over site domain i = 1, . . . ,I is given by \(\{Y_{i(r+1)}=\max_{j=k}^{k+n-1} X_{ij}\}\) for k = 1 + rn, r = 0, . . . ,. Such networks must not only measure extremes at the monitored sites but also enable their prediction at the non-monitored ones. Designing such a network poses special challenges that do not seem to have been generally recognized. One of these problems is the loss of spatial dependence between site responses in going from the environmental process to the field of extremes it generates. In particular we show empirically that the intersite covariance Cov(Y i(r+1),Y i′(r+1)) can generally decline toward zero as r increases, for site pairs i ≠ i′. Thus the measured extreme values may not predict the unmeasured ones very precisely. Consequently high levels of pollution exposure of a sensitive group (e.g. school children) located between monitored sites may be overlooked. This potential deficiency raises concerns about the adequacy of air pollution monitoring networks whose primary role is the detection of noncompliance with air quality standards based on extremes designed to protect human health. The need to monitor for noncompliance and thereby protect human health, points to other issues. How well do networks designed to monitor the field monitor their fields of extremes? What criterion should be used to select prospective monitoring sites when setting up or adding to a network? As the paper demonstrates by assessing an existing network, the answer to the first question is not well, at least in the case considered. To the second, the paper suggests a variety of plausible answers but shows through a simulation study, that they can lead to different optimum designs. The paper offers an approach that circumvents the dilemma posed by the answer to the second question. That approach models the field of extremes (suitably transformed) by a multivariate Gaussian-Inverse Wishart hierarchical Bayesian distribution. The adequacy of this model is empirically assessed in an application by finding the relative coverage frequency of the predictive credibility ellipsoid implied by its posterior distribution. The favorable results obtained suggest this posterior adequately describes that (transformed) field. Hence it can form the basis for designing an appropriate network. Its use is demonstrated by a hypothetical extension of an existing monitoring network. That foundation in turn enables a network to be designed of sufficient density (relative to cost) to serve its regulatory purpose. 相似文献
505.
506.
507.
Vacuum chamber is a new method to suppress the gas explosion. The explosion propagation characteristics have been studied in an L-shaped channel (tubes joined a right angle) with a vacuum chamber in the region of joining of the tubes. The vacuum chamber separated from the inner tubular space with the help of a diaphragm pierced by firing pin. The results demonstrate that the effect of explosion suppression of vacuum chamber is related to the break-up time of diaphragm and the position of the explosive flame front. When the diaphragm breaks up, the shorter the distance of flame front propagation is, the closer the flame front gets to the vacuum chamber, and the better effect of explosion suppression is, conversely, the worse the effect of explosion suppression is. 相似文献
508.
European standard EN 15188 is dedicated to the assessment of the tendency of solid flammable substances to spontaneous combustion. Fossil fuels and biofuels that substitute them are a frequent reason of fires caused by spontaneous combustion. Even though having different properties, both types of fuels can be assessed according to this standard by the method of the determination of the dependency of self-ignition temperature against the ratio of volume to surface area of geometrically exactly defined solid body, or based on the theory of thermal explosion according to Frank-Kamenetskii. The comparison of calculated values confirmed the agreement of both methods results, and the tendency of fuels to spontaneous combustion can be assessed by them. 相似文献
509.
Lesley Head Chris Gibson Nicholas Gill Chantel Carr Gordon Waitt 《Local Environment》2016,21(12):1467-1481
Cultural change is critical to climate change responses, but the in-depth qualitative research that investigates culture is necessarily conducted at scales difficult to integrate with policy. A focus of climate change mitigation and adaptation is affluent developed world households. Adapting methods used elsewhere in social science, we report and assess a meta-ethnography of household sustainability research, scaling up findings from 12 studies encompassing 276 Australian households. Seven themes are dominant: family concerns are central to household practice; adaptiveness is contingent but more pervasive than often assumed; households make sense of climate change not through abstract arguments, but through physical resources and materials; boundaries of the home space are dynamic and subjective; daily time is an important currency; paradoxes abound among everyday practice; and privacy and a sense of autonomy are prioritised. Insights from the method include new light on familiar themes when seen through an environmental lens, thickening and triangulation of existing research, and a stronger basis for international comparisons. Some findings have straightforward application to policy, others identify potential areas of risk and resistance, others still are more conceptual. We conclude the method has considerable potential and is worth developing further, providing a critical perspective is maintained. 相似文献
510.
ABR-MBR工艺处理生活污水实现短程硝化 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
采用ABR-MBR耦合工艺对MBR反应器中实现短程硝化的运行控制条件进行了研究,并为后续研究系统的反硝化除磷性能打下基础.ABR-MBR耦合工艺在不同条件下的运行研究结果表明,在ABR反应器的水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)6 h,污泥回流比100%,硝化液回流比300%,温度30℃±2℃的条件下,通过控制好氧区溶解氧浓度(DO从0.5~1.0 mg·L~(-1)降为0.3~0.7 mg·L~(-1))以及改变MBR反应器有效容积以控制其HRT,最终在MBR反应器HRT从3 h逐步延长至5 h时短程硝化遭到破坏,亚硝酸盐积累率(nitrite accumulation rate,NAR)从60%急剧下降至15%.短程硝化影响因素的分析表明:pH值、游离氨(free ammonia,FA)和游离亚硝酸(free nitrous acid,FNA)对本试验实现短程硝化无显著影响,维持低DO浓度(0.3~0.7 mg·L~(-1))并逐步缩短HRT是本试验实现短程硝化的关键控制因素,温度和污泥停留时间(sludge retention time,SRT)可作为辅助因素与之共同调控.短程硝化期间,系统获得了高效且稳定的COD和NH_4~+-N去除效果,平均出水浓度分别低于50 mg·L~(-1)和2 mg·L~(-1),去除率均在90%以上,TN平均去除率高达72%. 相似文献