红枫水库和普定水库碳、磷、硅生源要素时空分布特征

选取了营养盐浓度和水体滞留时间存在明显差异的普定水库和红枫水库作为研究对象,通过对两个水库碳、磷、硅生源要素时空变化的分析,揭示了河流筑坝水库营养盐时空分布的主要影响因素。分析结果显示：普定水库表层水体溶解性无机碳(DIC)、总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)和溶解性硅(DSi)大体上均表现出冬季较高、夏季较低的变化趋势;而在垂向分布上,除冬季外,其他三个季节均表现出表层水体较低、底层水体较高的趋势。红枫水库DIC变化趋势与普定水库类似。而红枫水库TP和DTP大致表现为冬夏季偏低、春秋季偏高;由于浓度较低,各个季节垂向变化趋势均不明显。夏季红枫水库底部水体DSi显著高于表层水体,而其他三个季节DSi在垂向剖面上波动较小。两水库表层水体DIC与叶绿素a(Chla)呈负相关,且夏季普定水库和红枫水库表层水体DIC稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C_DIC)显著高于底层,而DIC则表层水体显著低于底层水体。综合分析结果表明,浮游植物光合作用是影响普定水库和红枫水库碳、磷、硅生源要素时空分布的最主要因素。营养盐水平较高、水体滞留时间较短的普定水库,其Chla低于营...     

ABR处理滞头废水试验研究

以去除蛋白后的滞头废水为基质对厌氧折流板(ABR)反应器处理效果进行研究,分析了ABR反应器的工艺特征和运行稳定性,同时对反应器各格室颗粒污泥特性进行分析.结果表明:ABR反应器在(35±1)℃,HRT为32 h,进水COD浓度由500 mg/L逐步提高到5 000 mg/L,运行稳定后,COD去除率保持在90％以上;...     

梁子湖近代沉积物重金属含量研究初探

通过对湖北省梁子湖高分辨率沉积物中重金属元素的研究,得到了梁子湖区近代环境污染的波动记录。对所测数据进行因子分析和聚类分析,得到影响沉积物中重金属含量和组成的物质来源,其中Cd、Ni、Fe主要反映了流域侵蚀作用控制的重金属分布;Zn、Pb、Mn、Co、Cu主要反映了人为污染(尤其是大气干湿沉降)对重金属含量变化规律的影响。据分析结果推测,深35-40cm处元素含量高峰值对应于19世纪末近代工业兴起．环境变化所致;20cm处高峰值对应于上世纪中叶以武汉钢铁公司为代表的现代工业污染留下的物质记录;10cm至表层金属含量逐渐增加,为改革开放以来城市和城镇工业的发展导致的大气污染物中重金属含量的急剧升高,该结果说明利用梁子湖区高分辨率金属沉积记录研究人类活动重大环境污染事件对环境的影响是切实可行的。     

装备环境适应性的定量化表征技术探讨

环境适应性的定量化表征技术对装备环境适应性的论证、考核、评价具有十分重要的意义,由于定量表征技术的复杂性,至今没有形成统一的方法。依据环境适应性的定义、内涵,将环境适应性定量表示为环境适应度,定义了环境适应度的概念,说明了环境适应度各计算参数的含义,并以算例的方式对环境适应度的计算进行了说明。     

上向流厌氧滤池(UAF)处理城市生活污水的运行效能

采用上向流厌氧滤池(UAF)处理实际生活污水,研究中温条件下水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对系统运行效果及优势产甲烷菌群的影响.结果表明,在35℃,HRT为24 h条件下,系统启动28 d后化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)去除率可达75%以上. HRT由24 h降至2. 5 h的过程中,COD去除率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在HRT为5h时最高,平均去除率为81. 71%,最高可达87. 18%,当降至2. 5 h后,COD去除率降至75. 12%.甲烷产率(每消耗单位质量底物产生的甲烷的量,以CH4/CODre计)及甲烷体积分数随HRT的降低而增高,HRT为2. 5h时为0. 30 L·g-1,甲烷体积分数维持在73%左右,经能耗核算后可得系统产能可满足蠕动泵能耗需求.对系统内主要的产甲烷菌进行定量分析表明,乙酸营养型产甲烷菌Methanosarcinales丰度最高,为优势菌群,随着HRT的逐渐降低,乙酸营养型和氢营养型产甲烷菌的丰度都有大幅度提高.     

Effect of pyrolysis temperature and hold time on the characteristic parameters of adsorbent derived from sewage sludge

According to the Doehlert‘s matrix method, the adsorbent derived from sewage sludge was prepared through chemical activation under controlling the pyrolysis temperature and hold time. The characteristic parameters including the total yield, adsorption of methylene blue, adsorption of iodine, BET surface area, micro-pore volume are 35%-49%, ]6..5--38 mg/g, 28.5--362 mg/g, 18.5--359 m^2/g, and 0.112--0.224 m^3/g, respectively. According to the experimental data, the multi-linear regression method was adopted to fit the relations between the characteristic parameters and influential factors. At final, through optimization method, the optimal adsorbent is obtained when using 62 min as hold time and 1105K as pyrolysis temperature. Under the conditions, the adsorbent was produced and compared the characteristic parameters with model forecast value, the coherence is satisfied.     

基于影响因子分析的滑坡位移预测模型研究

将滑坡的影响因索引入到滑坡的位移预测模型中．从滑坡的位移动态变化特征和响应组成组分研究入手,将滑坡的位移分解为趋势项、周期项、脉动项和随机项．针对每一项进行研究,分别选取合适的影响因子变量和函数关系来模拟,并将各项耦合在一起得到位移的初步预测模型。通过对监测数据进行非线性多元统计回归分析,得到位移的最终预测模型。以长江三峡库区的新滩滑坡为实例,通过验证研究,发现将滑坡的影响因子引入滑坡的预测预报模型中的思路是有效可行的,而且可以明显地改善预测预报的时间尺度。     

有机磷农药污染对金龟子幼虫呼吸强度的影响

有机磷农药对金龟子幼虫呼吸强度影响的实验研究表明,金龟子幼虫对有机磷农药污染的反应十分敏感,4种有机磷农药处理组动物呼吸强度均明显大于对照组,并且由于不同种农药的毒性不同,对呼吸强度影响的程度也明显不同,其中以甲胺磷影响最大,灭杀毙最小,呼吸强度分别为4.9528mL/g·h和2.1557mL/g·h。染毒历时和农药浓度的影响则表现为随染毒时间的延长和农药浓度的降低,动物呼吸强度逐渐减弱。     

Incorporating detectability of threatened species into environmental impact assessment

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a key mechanism for protecting threatened plant and animal species. Many species are not perfectly detectable and, even when present, may remain undetected during EIA surveys, increasing the risk of site‐level loss or extinction of species. Numerous methods now exist for estimating detectability of plants and animals. Despite this, regulations concerning survey protocol and effort during EIAs fail to adequately address issues of detectability. Probability of detection is intrinsically linked to survey effort; thus, minimum survey effort requirements are a useful way to address the risks of false absences. We utilized 2 methods for determining appropriate survey effort requirements during EIA surveys. One method determined the survey effort required to achieve a probability of detection of 0.95 when the species is present. The second method estimated the survey effort required to either detect the species or reduce the probability of presence to 0.05. We applied these methods to Pimelea spinscens subsp. spinescens, a critically endangered grassland plant species in Melbourne, Australia. We detected P. spinescens in only half of the surveys undertaken at sites where it was known to exist. Estimates of the survey effort required to detect the species or demonstrate its absence with any confidence were much higher than the effort traditionally invested in EIA surveys for this species. We argue that minimum survey requirements be established for all species listed under threatened species legislation and hope that our findings will provide an impetus for collecting, compiling, and synthesizing quantitative detectability estimates for a broad range of plant and animal species. Incorporación de la Capacidad de Detectar una Especie Amenazada a la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental     

超高速活性污泥法的试验研究

吸附活性污泥法是一种高效率的污水处理方法，曝气池停留时间约４０ｍｉｎ、ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ５和ＳＳ的去除率可达到６０－７０％。本文以试验结果为基础，探讨了停留时间，污泥浓度，污泥回流比和污浓度对处理效果的影响，也探讨了该方法对氮，磷的去除效果。