Sex ratio and oviposition responses to host age and the fitness consequences to mother and offspring in the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius

In the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius more offspring and a greater proportion of daughters were oviposited in, and emerged from 0-day-old versus 3-day-old hosts. Offspring that developed on the younger hosts (1) were larger at adulthood, (2) developed more quickly, (3) had higher survivorship to adulthood, and (4) were more often able to chew their way out of the host. Sons and daughters did not differ in how host age affected their size, development rate, or survivorship. The greater proportion of daughters from the younger hosts may be adaptive, as described by the host quality model (a variant of the Trivers and Willard hypothesis). It is adaptive if greater size or more rapid development has a more positive effect on a daughter’s than a son’s fitness and the positive effect is large enough to compensate for sons being trapped disproportionately to daughters in the older hosts. Despite greater success at drilling the younger hosts, mothers did not try to drill them sooner or more often. Having previously oviposited on the older rather than the younger hosts had no detrimental effect on the mother’s subsequent longevity or offspring production. Received: 8 March 2000 / Revised: 9 June 2000 / Accepted: 24 June 2000     

Experimental investigation of bubbly flow and turbulence in hydraulic jumps

Many environmental problems are linked to multiphase flows encompassing ecological issues, chemical processes and mixing or diffusion, with applications in different engineering fields. The transition from a supercritical flow to a subcritical motion constitutes a hydraulic jump. This flow regime is characterised by strong interactions between turbulence, free surface and air–water mixing. Although a hydraulic jump contributes to some dissipation of the flow kinetic energy, it is also associated with increases of turbulent shear stresses and the development of turbulent eddies with implications in terms of scour, erosion and sediment transport. Despite a number of experimental, theoretical and numerical studies, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the physical mechanisms involved in the diffusion and air–water mixing processes within hydraulic jumps, as well as on the interaction between the free-surface and turbulence. New experimental investigations were undertaken in hydraulic jumps with Froude numbers up to Fr = 8.3. Two-phase flow measurements were performed with phase-detection conductivity probes. Basic results related to the distributions of void fraction, bubble frequency and mean bubble chord length are presented. New developments are discussed for the interfacial bubble velocities and their fluctuations, characterizing the turbulence level and integral time scales of turbulence representing a “lifetime” of the longitudinal bubbly flow structures. The analyses show good agreement with previous studies in terms of the vertical profiles of void fraction, bubble frequency and mean bubble chord length. The dimensionless distributions of interfacial velocities compared favourably with wall-jet equations. Measurements showed high turbulence levels. Turbulence time scales were found to be dependent on the distance downstream of the toe as well as on the distance to the bottom showing the importance of the lower (channel bed) and upper (free surface) boundary conditions on the turbulence structure.     

The consequences of (not) seeing eye-to-eye about the past: The role of supervisor–team fit in past temporal focus for supervisors' leadership behavior

This study seeks to advance our understanding of the leadership consequences that may ensue when supervisors and their teams have similar versus differing orientations toward the past. Integrating a leader–team fit perspective with functional leadership theory, we cast incongruence between supervisor and team past temporal focus as a key antecedent of supervisors' active (i.e., task-oriented and relationship-oriented) and passive (i.e., laissez-faire) leadership behaviors toward the team. We tested our hypotheses in a team-level study that included a field sample of 84 supervisors and their teams using polynomial regression and response surface analyses. Results illustrated that supervisors demonstrated more task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership when supervisors' and their team's past temporal focus were incongruent rather than aligned. Furthermore, in situations of supervisor–team congruence, supervisors engaged in less task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership and more laissez-faire leadership with higher (rather than lower) levels of supervisor and team past temporal focus. In sum, these findings support a complex (mis)fit model such that supervisors' attention to the past may hinder their productive leadership behaviors in some team contexts but not in others. Hence, this research advances a novel, multiple-stakeholder perspective on the role of both supervisors' and their team's past temporal focus for important leadership behaviors.     

Subjective time in organizations: Conceptual clarification,integration, and implications for future research

Despite the rapid growth of organizational research on subjective time, the extant literature is fragmented due to a lack of conceptual clarification and integration of temporal constructs. To address this fragmentation, we synthesize temporal research from both organizational behavior and adjacent disciplines (i.e., strategy, entrepreneurship, and organizational theory) and introduce a framework that allocates temporal constructs according to their basic conceptual nature (trait–state) and level of analysis (individual–collective). We employed the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count text analysis to determine the trait–state property of the constructs and a coding method to determine their level of analysis. This framework categorizes four generic types of subjective time: individual temporal disposition, individual temporal state, collective temporal state, and collective temporal disposition. We clarify the conceptualizations of the temporal constructs belonging to each of the four archetypes of subjective time and review their key findings in the organizational literature. Based on this integrative framework, we identify critical knowledge gaps in the current state of research and chart a future agenda with specific suggestions.     

楼梯间障碍物对安全疏散的影响研究

楼梯间存放的障碍物与人员安全疏散密切相关,利用仿真软件Pathfinder进行疏散模拟,研究楼梯间障碍物对疏散总时间和各出口流量的影响,以及人员路径选择的变化。结果表明,障碍物的存在对安全疏散产生较大的消极影响,使存在障碍物的楼梯间人流量减小,疏散时间延长;影响人员对疏散路径的选择,使其他楼梯间疏散人数增加和疏散时间延长;障碍物位置处易形成疏散瓶颈,造成严重拥堵。     

消防站责任区划分的优化和仿真方法

分析消防站的责任区划分,提出划分优化问题的数学规划模型,以最小化平均反应时间为优化目标,建立基于历史数据的期望反应时间和期望服务时间的计算方法。用Arena软件开发了评价消防系统绩效(主要是反应时间)的仿真模型,比较实施新的责任区划分策略前后的差异。仿真分析验证了优化结果,表明消防系统的性能在新的划分策略实施后得到明显改善。     

尾矿坝浸润线数据挖掘预测模型的样本选取研究

本文分别应用时间序列功能模型和回归模型,在原始数据的基础上建立样本,并运用支持向量回归机算法对样本进行训练,得出了尾矿坝浸润线埋深预测模型并进行了实例应用。研究证明,运用时间序列模型选取训练样本能够得出更为精确的预测结果。     

对比分析HRT对ACR乙醇型和丁酸型发酵制氢系统的影响

以糖蜜废水为基质,采用两套厌氧接触式发酵制氢反应器(ACR)分别在p H为4.5~5.0、5.5~6.0下的启动和运行,以分别考察乙醇型和丁酸型发酵系统在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下的运行特性.结果显示,当进水COD=5000 mg·L-1,HRT从12 h缩短至4 h时,乙醇型发酵制氢系统中的产氢微生物菌属得到不断富集,在HRT=4 h时,系统的产氢速率和污泥比产氢速率分别达到30.1 L·d-1和13.5 mmol·g-1·d-1;而HRT的缩短使得丁酸型发酵系统内生物量减小,导致底物的转化率下降,反应器在HRT为8 h时,系统获得最大产氢速率,为9.3 L·d-1.研究结果也表明,在HRT为4~12 h的运行中,ACR乙醇型发酵系统的产氢效能始终优于丁酸型发酵制氢系统,其单位基质的氢气转化率约为丁酸型发酵的1.5~2.2倍.     

水力停留时间对膜生物反应器膜污染的影响

为考察水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time, HRT)对膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor, MBR)体系内的混合液特性和膜污染的影响,对兰州某生活污水处理厂生化尾水进行了浸入式中空纤维MBR现场实验。结果表明,在HRT由6 h逐渐升高至12 h的过程中,胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)中大分子质量颗粒物的比例、溶解性微生物产物(soluble microbial products, SMP)的含量和污泥的Zeta电位分布均逐渐增大。同时,EPS多糖含量、污泥粒径和黏度均出现逐渐降低的趋势,这些因素可能共同作用导致膜组件的运行时间缩短、过膜压差(transmembrane pressure, TMP)快速增大,最终致使膜污染进程的加快。在HRT为6 h、膜通量15 L·(m²·h)⁻¹、污泥质量浓度为4 000 mg·L⁻¹的条件下,中空纤维式MBR处理生化尾水可以获得较好的混合液特性和处理效果。     

臭氧-生物活性炭净水工艺处理苯酚污染的应急效果及影响因素分析

考虑到突发性水污染中有毒有机物的高频现率,选用苯酚为有毒有机物代表,通过模拟突发苯酚污染的情况,研究了臭氧-生物活性炭(O3-BAC)工艺对苯酚污染的应急处理效果,并且分析了工程中实际环境因素如空床接触时间(EBCT)、pH值对该应急能力的影响.研究表明,在突发性苯酚污染的应急处理中,0.6 mg/L的臭氧可将初始苯酚浓度5倍于达标浓度的进水处理至饮用水达标浓度,即低于0.002 mg/L,15.3 min的空床接触时间是判定其是否为该应急过程的关键因素的分界点,为了取得较好的应急效果,可适当提高进水pH值.