固定污染源排气中氟化物监测方法研究

采用直接蒸镏法对固定污染源中固态氟化物样品进行处理，使用离子色谱或离子选择电极对样品进行测定，结果表明：其测定范围、精密度、准确度，均能满足环境监测的要求。     

工厂的氟污染对蔬菜含氟量的影响

上海某厂生产氟利昂和氢氟酸等化工产品,排放的废水、废气中含有大量氟化物。该厂排放的废气中氟化氢的量相当于全市氟化氢总排放量的50％左右。     

杭嘉湖蚕桑区大气氟化物排放标准制定研究

文章按照《制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法》建立了蚕桑区大气氟化物允许排放速率牟模型，根据蚕桑区氟污染特征，污染危害特征和污染气象特征确定模型参数，提出了浙江省杭嘉湖蚕桑区大气氟化物排放标准，并分析了标准的经济和技术可行性。     

纳米氢氧化镁改性PVDF超滤膜的制备与表征

通过相转化法制备了纳米PVDF/Mg(OH)_2共混超滤膜,研究了负载Mg(OH)_2对PVDF膜结构和性能的影响。以牛血清蛋白(BSA)为模拟污染物进行超滤试验,测试膜的纯水通量和截留率;测定膜表面和水之间的接触角,进而定量分析比较膜表面的亲水性;利用微机电子控制万能试验机测试膜的机械性能;通过扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等方法表征膜表面特征。结果表明,添加纳米Mg(OH)_2的改性膜保持了原有膜的晶型结构,证明纳米Mg(OH)_2与PVDF材料有很好的相容效果。当纳米Mg(OH)_2添加量为0.8%(质量分数)时,改性效果达到最优。此时,接触角从73.1°降至59.6°,纯水通量为333.37 L/(m~2·h),较未改性前提高了126.3%,膜的拉伸最大力为6.8 N,断裂伸长率为16.2%,较未改性膜的机械性能有明显提高,膜的抗污染性也显著提高。     

Forecast optimal fluoride concentration data in drinking water according to the ambient temperature in Golestan,Iran

Controlling fluoride concentrations in drinking water at optimal levels could be effective in preventing certain negative health effects in humans. This study investigated optimal fluoride concentrations in potable water in Golestan province, according the ambient temperatures in the province. The study used data on fluoride concentrations in drinking water supplied by the Water and Wastewater Company of Golestan Province. The annual mean maximum temperatures were extracted from a website that recorded daily ambient temperature. The optimal value of fluoride in drinking water for each county of Golestan province was calculated by the Galgan and Vermillion formula. The results show that all of the counties should contain fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.73 to 0.766 milligrams per liter (mg/L) according to the calculation formula, while fluoride concentrations were instead reported to range between 0.23 and 0.53 mg/L by the Water and Wastewater company. In addition, according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, the concentrations of fluoride in potable in all of the cities in Golestan province fall below the WHO standard. In conclusion, we suggest that the fluoride concentrations in Golestan province's drinking water should be taken into account by the appropriate authorities and that optimal fluoride concentrations in drinking water according to ambient temperatures be set to avoiding negative health impacts.     

Speciation analysis of aluminium in plant parts of Betula pendula and in soil

The research presents the first results of aluminium speciation analysis in aqueous extracts of individual plant parts of Betula pendula and soil samples, using High Performance Ion Chromatography with Diode Array Detection(HPIC-DAD). The applied method allowed us to carry out a full speciation analysis of aluminium in the form of predominant aluminium–fluoride complexes: AlF_((x = 2,3,4))~((3-x))(first analytical signal), AlF~(2+)(second analytical signal) and Al~(3+)(third analytical signal) in samples of lateral roots, tap roots, twigs, stem, leaf and soil collected under roots of B. pendula. Concentrations of aluminium and its complexes were determined for two types of environment characterised by different degree of human impact:contaminated site of the Chemical Plant in Luboń and protected area of the Wielkopolski National Park. For all the analysed samples of B. pendula and soil, AlF_((x = 2,3,4))~((3-x))had the largest contribution, followed by Al~(3+)and AlF~(2+). Significant differences in concentration and contribution of Al–F complexes and Al~(3+)form, depending on the place of sampling(different anthropogenic pressure) and plant part of B. pendula were observed. Based on the obtained results, it was found that transport of aluminium is "blocked" by lateral roots, and is closely related to Al content of soil.     

桂南地下热水系统中氟的分布及迁移富集规律

选取广西桂南地区地下热水系统为研究对象,利用氢氧同位素及锶同位素研究手段,对研究区内地下热水中氟的空间分布规律及其控制因素进行研究。结果表明:研究区内地下热水中氟含量变化范围为0.01~17.93mg/L,其中43%地下水样品中氟含量超过饮用水氟骨症临界值1.5mg/L,高氟地下热水的主要水化学类型为Na-HCO3型,水体中氟含量与温度呈明显正相关性;地下热水氢氧同位素特征显示,研究区地下热水的主要来源为大气降水,同时受一定程度蒸发浓缩及水-岩作用影响,地下热水锶同位素特征显示,研究区地下热水水化学组成明显受长石、云母等铝硅酸盐风化及碳酸盐岩溶解影响;对地下热水水化学开展的因子分析结果显示,研究区地下热水系统中影响氟迁移释放的主要因素为萤石的溶解与沉淀过程。     

羟基镧改性树脂的制备及其对氟离子的吸附

采用共沉淀法制备了羟基镧改性D101树脂复合吸附剂,利用扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析仪、红外光谱和比表面积分析仪对复合吸附剂的结构和形貌进行了分析,并对水溶液中氟离子(F~-)进行吸附研究,探讨了该复合吸附剂对F~-的吸附特性,并将其应用于实际含氟废水的处理。结果表明:在25℃、F~-初始质量浓度为10 mg/L、吸附剂量为0.4 g/L、溶液pH=5时,F~-吸附量最大,为24.45 mg/g;复合吸附剂对F~-的吸附动力学数据遵循拟二级动力学反应模型,整个吸附反应为多级控制过程;复合吸附剂对F~-的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,在10℃、25℃和35℃下,吉布斯自由能(ΔGo)均小于0,焓变(ΔHo)大于0,熵变(ΔSo)大于0,表明该吸附反应为自发吸热熵增过程。采用羟基镧改性D101树脂复合吸附剂可以有效去除实际含氟废水中的氟化物,实现废水的达标排放。     

Setting Practical Conservation Priorities for Birds in the Western Andes of Colombia

We aspired to set conservation priorities in ways that lead to direct conservation actions. Very large‐scale strategic mapping leads to familiar conservation priorities exemplified by biodiversity hotspots. In contrast, tactical conservation actions unfold on much smaller geographical extents and they need to reflect the habitat loss and fragmentation that have sharply restricted where species now live. Our aspirations for direct, practical actions were demanding. First, we identified the global, strategic conservation priorities and then downscaled to practical local actions within the selected priorities. In doing this, we recognized the limitations of incomplete information. We started such a process in Colombia and used the results presented here to implement reforestation of degraded land to prevent the isolation of a large area of cloud forest. We used existing range maps of 171 bird species to identify priority conservation areas that would conserve the greatest number of species at risk in Colombia. By at risk species, we mean those that are endemic and have small ranges. The Western Andes had the highest concentrations of such species—100 in total—but the lowest densities of national parks. We then adjusted the priorities for this region by refining these species ranges by selecting only areas of suitable elevation and remaining habitat. The estimated ranges of these species shrank by 18–100% after accounting for habitat and suitable elevation. Setting conservation priorities on the basis of currently available range maps excluded priority areas in the Western Andes and, by extension, likely elsewhere and for other taxa. By incorporating detailed maps of remaining natural habitats, we made practical recommendations for conservation actions. One recommendation was to restore forest connections to a patch of cloud forest about to become isolated from the main Andes. Establecimiento de Prioridades Prácticas para la Conservación de Aves en los Andes Occidentales de Colombia