Molecular approaches to microbiological monitoring: fecal source detection

Molecular methods are useful both to monitor natural communities of bacteria, and to track specific bacterial markers in complex environments. Length-heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rDNAs discriminate among 16S rRNA genes based on length polymorphisms of their PCR products. With these methods, we developed an alternative indicator that distinguishes the source of fecal pollution in water. We amplify 16S rRNA gene fragments from the fecal anaerobic genus Bacteroides with specific primers. Because Bacteroides normally resides in gut habitats, its presence in water indicates fecal pollution. Molecular detection circumvents the complexities of growing anaerobic bacteria. We identified Bacteroides LH-PCR and T-RFLP ribosomal DNA markers unique to either ruminant or human feces. The same unique fecal markers were recovered from polluted natural waters. We cloned and sequenced the unique markers; marker sequences were used to design specific PCR primers that reliably distinguish human from ruminant sources of fecal contamination. Primers for more species are under development. This approach is more sensitive than fecal coliform assays, is comparable in complexity to standard food safety and public health diagnostic tests, and lends itself to automation and high-throughput. Thus molecular genetic markers for fecal anaerobic bacteria hold promise for monitoring bacterial pollution and water quality.     

枣金属硫蛋白基因工程菌去除废水中的镍

以枣金属硫蛋白基因工程菌作为生物吸附剂处理含镍废水,对其影响因素(填料类型、p H值、重金属负荷率、吸附时间)进行了研究。通过正交实验,得到理论上的最佳条件,通过进一步分析找出实际废水处理中镍去除的适宜条件。结果表明,理论上在间歇实验中用枣金属硫蛋白基因工程菌去除镍的最优条件为:填料为陶粒,p H=11,重金属负荷率为0.2,吸附时间30 min。实际废水处理中为了减少碱的用量,缩短处理时间,可控制条件为:填料为陶粒,p H=9,重金属负荷率为0.2,吸附时间10 min。     

A management strategy to reduce bacterial pollution in shellfish areas: A case study

The problem of bacterial pollution in shellfishing areas is not uncommon in the coastal regions of the United States. Bacterial contamination from man's activities can effectively reduce our natural shellfish resource areas by forcing their closure because of high potential risk of diseases being spread by shellfish harvested in these areas. Tillamook Bay, a relatively small, enclosed drainage basin of nonurban character, presents an excellent study area for observing this problem. The high population density of animals, raised on a relatively small floodplain area, represents one of the major sources of pollution in the bay. This paper summarizes the history of the agencies involved with the problem and presents the current approach to alleviate bacterial pollution in the bay without unduly penalizing other industries in the Tillamook basin. The paper also presents some of the legal aspects of reducing water pollution in shellfish harvesting areas and the jurisdiction of federal agencies in these matters. Finally, recommendations are given to reduce bacterial output by the major source categories in the basin, and criteria for bay closure to shellfish harvest are developed to protect the public from bacterially contaminated shellfish.     

油脂废水处理方法探讨

针对油脂废水处理加石灰产生二次污染提出改进方法,采用厌氧技术用硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate-ReductionBacteria,SRB)降解硫酸根,并在探讨性试验中得到初步验证。     

底泥微生物在红树林生态系统中的作用

微生物-营养物质-植物之间的紧密联系是红树林生态系统中营养物质保存和循环的主要机制之一。具有高生产力和丰富多样性的底泥微生物，不断地将红树林凋落物转化成可被植物利用的氮、磷或其他营养物质。植物根系分泌物又为该系统中微生物和其他大型生物提供营养。文章综述了国内外有关红树林生态系统中微生物的营养物质转化方面的主要研究结果，并阐明了这些微生物对该系统生产力的重要贡献。为了更好地保护红树林生态系统，维持和恢复其微生物系统是必要的。     

Purification of AS-CMP effluent by combined photosynthetic bacteria and coagulation treatment

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生化法处理生活污水中的耐冷菌特性研究

当水温低于10℃时，常规生化法中的微生物活性迅速下降，水处理效果急剧下降。研究分离出冷适应微生物用于低温生活污水的处理。实验证明北方地区市政下水道里的沉淀物中存在着耐冷细菌，它们均能在10℃以下生长、繁殖。     

硫酸盐在厌氧生物过程中的行为 Ⅰ.抑制作用及其影响因素

采用半连续实验方法，研究了中温条件下不同硫酸盐负荷在两种不同实验基质中对厌氧体系产生的影响和抑制作用规律。结果表明，在两种基质中硫酸盐对厌氧体系的抑制作用表现出相同的规律，在一定ＣＯＤ负荷下，ＳＯ４＾２－负荷小于０．１０－０．３０ｇ／（Ｌ·ｄ），对厌氧体系产生轻度抑制；ＳＯ４＾２－负荷大于１．５ｇ／（Ｌ·ｄ）时，会产生重度抑制作用；当ＣＯＤ／ＳＯ４＾２－≥１，体系中ＳＯ４＾２－累积浓度大于８０００     

SBR除磷系统中的积磷细菌

考察了ＳＢＲ生物除磷工艺模型中活性污泥的微生物组成及其在该除磷系统中的功能。结果表明，该模型中分离到的微生物有假单胞菌属，气单胞菌属，莫拉低菌属，棒状菌群和肠杆菌科的细菌，优势菌为假单胞菌。其中其中起除磷作用的主要是假单胞菌属和莫拉氏菌属的细菌，气单菌主要起发酵产酸作用。     

应用微生物组合技术治理富营养化水体的研究

应用光合细菌、硝化、玉垒菌等高效微生物及其组合，采用悬浮浮与挂膜两种批式工艺，对比分析其对富化水体有机物的却除及含氮化合物的转化效果，同时，采用接触氧化反应器进行连续流试验考察其对氨氮的转化效果。结果证明，采用微生物组合技术处理方法治理富营养水切实可行。