悬浮载体生物膜内硝化菌群空间分布规律

利用16S rRNA寡核苷酸探针荧光原位杂交和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜联用技术,对悬浮载体生物膜内硝化菌群的空间分布规律进行了分析.试验采用3组结构完全相同的悬浮载体生物膜反应器,每个反应器的曝气区为6L,沉淀区为2L,水力停留时间为1.0h,3个反应器的进水COD/NH₄⁺-N分别为15、10和5,从反应器中取出载体颗粒表面的生物膜进行分析,研究各反应器中生物膜的微生物群落结构的变化规律.结果表明,SCBR内载体表面生物膜的总体厚度在80～120μm左右,氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌主要分布在生物膜表面的20～30μm左右范围内.随着进水中COD/NH₄⁺-N的增加,氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌在整个生物膜中所占的比例逐步下降.     

Solar and Tidal Modulations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Coastal Waters at Huntington Beach,California

The coastal waters at many beaches in California and the United States are afflicted with fecal pollution, which poses a health risk for people exposed to the water through recreational activities such as swimming, surfing, and diving. Identifying sources of pollution is complicated by oceanographic transport/mixing processes and the nonconservative behavior of microorganisms exposed to sunlight and hostile marine conditions. This article investigates the variation of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations in the surf zone and the adjacent coastal marsh by applying autocorrelation and cross-correlation analyses that illustrate solar and tidal modulations. A steady state bioreactor model was developed to explain solar inactivation in the surf zone, whereas a dynamic model was applied to explain tidally influenced disturbances in the coastal marsh. These models applied to intensive monitoring datasets on FIB and environmental variables have provided insights into the biologic and physical processes controlling coastal water quality, specifically the influence of sunlight and tides on bacterial levels.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌基因转移系统研究进展[综述]

氧化亚铁硫杆菌 (Ｔｈｉｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｆｅｒｒｏｏｘｉｄａｎｓ)是极端嗜酸性的专性自养细菌 ,广泛分布于硫化矿床、酸性矿水及土壤中 ,最适生长ｐＨ 2 .0～ 2 .5 .氧化亚铁硫杆菌很早就被广泛应用于有用金属的浸出 ,特别适合于从低品位的矿石中浸出和回收稀有贵重金属 .这种方法具有低成本、低能耗、无污染等特点 ,因而在能源日益紧缺的今天 ,受到人们越来越多的关注 .目前许多国家已经成功地利用细菌浸出液技术开采多种金属 ,如铜、铀、金、钴、镍、锌和铅等 .其主要作用原理是通过氧化ＦｅＳＯ4 或ＦｅＳ2 产生Ｆｅ3 氧化剂 ,氧化…     

Trace Organic Matter in the Ria Formosa, Portugal

The Ria Formosa lagoon, Portugal, receives organic matter from many natural and anthropogenic sources. This paper presents an overview of the contribution these sources made through the use of lipid biomarkers. Sixty-one surface sediment samples were collected and analysed for a range of lipids. Sewage materials were confined to regions within 2 km of discharge points; phytoplankton biomarkers (sterols and fatty acids) suggest production was greatest in the inner parts of the lagoon that also have greatest inorganic nutrient enrichment; terrestrial organic matter was present in relatively low concentrations as shown by both sterol and fatty alcohols; bacteria were widespread although the Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRBs, shown by the presence of 3-OH fatty acids) were located near but not adjacent to sewage discharge points.     

污水处理厂二级出水中四环素抗性菌的生长特性与耐药性

抗生素抗性菌的扩散已成为全世界面临的重要公共卫生安全隐患.本文从某城市污水处理厂二级出水中分离出21株四环素抗性菌,对其种属、生理生化特性、抗生素耐受性进行了研究.结果表明,21株四环素抗性菌均属于肠杆菌科,分别属于气单胞菌属(9株)、埃希氏菌属(5株)、肠杆菌属(3株)、克雷伯氏菌属(2株)、柠檬酸杆菌属(1株)和哈夫尼菌属(1株).这些菌大多属于条件致病菌,且有18株携带质粒.21株四环素抗性菌中,气单胞菌、埃希氏菌的平均最大生长量显著高于肠杆菌,大部分菌株的迟滞时间在2 h以内.抗生素耐受性试验结果表明,四环素抗性菌对氯霉素耐受能力最强,对β-内酰胺酶类抗生素(青霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢噻吩)的耐受性次之,对利福平的耐受性最弱.75%以上的四环素抗性菌同时表现出对其它5种抗生素具有抗性.以上结果为我国污水处理厂抗生素抗性菌的风险分析与控制提供了参考数据.     

微生物絮凝剂产絮菌的分离与筛选

根据北方气温的变化特点,用活性污泥生物膜分离、筛选出DG1、DN1、H8、H13菌株,在低温条件下培养絮凝率分别达到87.35%、81.33%、83.79%、78.44%,为今后开展低温污水处理及絮凝机理的研究打下了基础。     

Characterization and reactivity of biogenic manganese oxides for ciprofloxacin oxidation

Biogenic manganese oxides （BioMnOx） were synthesized by the oxidation of Mn（II） with Mn- oxidizing bacteria Pseudomonas sp. G7 under different initial pH values and Mn（II） dosages, and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The crystal structure and Mn oxidation states of BioMnOx depended on the initial pH and Mn（lI） dosages of the medium. The superoxide radical （O2） was observed in Mn-containing （III/IV） BioMnOx suspensions by electron spin resonance measurements. BioMnOx（0.4）-7, with mixed valence of Mn（II/III/IV） and the strongest O~- signals, was prepared in the initial pH 7 and Mn（II） dosage of 0.4 mmol/L condition, and exhibited the highest activity for ciproftoxacin degradation and no Mn（II） release. During the degradation of ciprofloxacin, the oxidation of the Mn（II） formed came from biotic and abiotic reactions in BioMnOx suspensions on the basis of the Mn（II） release and O2- formation from different BioMnOx. The degradation process of ciprofloxacin was shown to involve the cleavage of the hexatomic ring having a secondary amine and carbon-carbon double bond connected to a carboxyl group, producing several compounds containing amine groups as well as small organic acids.     

Experimental study using the dilution incubation method to assess water biostability

Water biostability is of particular concern to water supply as a major limiting factor for heterotrophic bacterial growth in water distribution systems. This study focused on bacterial growth dynamics in the series dilution of water samples with TOC（total organic carbon） values determined beforehand. The results showed that the specific growth rate of Pseudomonas fluorescens P17 varied dramatically and irregularly with TOC value when TOC concentrations were low enough during the initial periods of incubation under given conditions. According to this relationship between bacterial growth rate and TOC, a dilution incubation method was designed for the study of water biostability. With the method under a given condition, a turning-point TOC value was found at a relatively fixed point in the curve between bacterial growth rate and TOC of water sample, and the variation of growth rate had different characteristics below the turning-point TOC value relative to that over this value. A turning-point TOC value similarly existed in all experiments not only with tap water, but also with acetate and mixed solutions. And in the dilution incubation method study, the affections were analyzed by condition factors such as inoculum amount,incubation time and nature of the organic carbon source. In very low organic carbon water environments, the variation characteristics of bacterial growth rate will be useful to further understand the meaning of water biostability.     

臭氧和光合细菌联合修复景观水体的研究

研究了臭氧和光合细菌联合处理景观水体,结果表明,在控制水体pH值为7.5,按照1 L样品通臭氧25 min(每h产生1.5 g)后,在向其中加入4亿个光合细菌大约静置5 d,景观污水将得到较好的净化效果。根据目前的臭氧制取技术,每制取1 kg臭氧约耗电在20 kW·h,按照每分解1 kg COD需要3 kg的臭氧计算,则每处理1 kg COD需要28元左右。较高的运行费用也是这一技术未能大规模应用的主要因素之一。但是该实验利用臭氧和光合细菌联合处理景观水的方法每处理1 kg COD只需要16.5元左右,大大节约了成本,还提高了效率。因此通过臭氧和光合细菌联合处理技术,净化景观水体中的有机物污染和改善景观水体水质,既节约了成本,又达到了很好的效果。     

不同构型人工湿地基质中土著菌的耐药性及整合子丰度调查

采用Kirby-Bauer纸片琼脂扩散法分析了夏、冬季节9个不同构型人工湿地中的葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)两种土著菌对7种常用抗生素的耐药性,并通过荧光定量PCR检测人工湿地基质中Ⅰ型整合子(int1)的丰度.结果表明,共分离出的522株葡萄球菌和543株假单胞菌,约84%的菌株对所测试的抗生素具有耐药性,多重耐药率达到68%以上,MRI指数平均为0.22,与某些环境中人源或动物源细菌耐药水平相当,表明人工湿地基质土著菌具有较高水平的耐药性;两种土著菌对氨苄西林和复方新诺明的耐药率较高,四环素、庆大霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率均极低(3%),而对头孢他啶和氯霉素的耐药性呈现差别.湿地基质中int1基因的浓度为1.14×105~5.66×105copies·g-1,其相对丰度为0.54%~3.68%.季节和湿地工艺对细菌耐药和整合酶基因分布有较大影响.夏季2种细菌的抗生素耐药率、多重耐药指数和int1丰度均显著高于冬季;下行垂直流湿地中的抗生素耐药率、多重耐药指数(MRI)最高,而在水平潜流湿地中int1丰度最高.研究表明人工湿地基质的土著菌长期暴露在一定浓度抗生素和耐药肠道菌的生活污水环境下获得了耐药性,人工湿地中抗生素耐药菌和耐药基因的污染及环境风险不容忽视.