The role of soil humic and fulvic acid in the sorption of endosulfan (alpha and beta)

The sorption behaviour of alpha- and beta-endosulfan in soil organic matter was investigated using standard soil humic acid (HA) and soil fulvic acid (FA) with a modified solubility enhancement method and a dialysis bag technique. For HA, all the experiments were conducted at an ionic strength of 0.001 mol/L, in both the presence and absence of calcium and at an ionic strength of 0.01 mol/L. For FA, the experiments were conducted at two ionic strengths: 0.001 mol/L (with calcium) and 0.01 mol/L. This study is the first to describe the striking differences in the sorption behaviours of the two stereoisomers of endosulfan in HA and in FA. The sorption coefficients of alpha-endosulfan in HA and FA were significantly higher than those of beta-endosulfan. Beta-endosulfan has comparable sorption coefficients (1.5–5.4 L/g) in HA and in FA. Ionic strength and the presence of calcium have no significant effect on the sorption of beta-endosulfan in HA. However, calcium can significantly (p=0.01) enhance the solubility of alpha-endosulfan in HA. Changes in ionic strength by one order of magnitude also affect the solubility of alpha-endosulfan in HA. The sorption coefficients of alpha-endosulfan in HA (10–36 L/g) were greater than those in FA (9–14 L/g). The chirality of the alpha-isomer was hypothesised to be the primary reason behind its higher sorption in soil organic matter relative to the beta-isomer. In the presence of dissolved HA and FA found in natural soil environments, solubility of endosulfan can be increased by five times than the aqueous solubility of endosulfan without HA and FA.     

Modeling and optimization of Nile blue sulfate mineralization by heterogeneous fenton oxidation

Artificial neural network and response surface methodology have been used to develop a model for simulation and optimization of the removal of Nile blue sulfate by heterogeneous Fenton oxidation. Experimental data were used to train an artificial neural network model with linear transfer function at the output layer and a tangent sigmoid transfer function at the hidden layer. A Box–Behnken design was employed to assess the effects of input process parameters on the total organic carbon removal. First order kinetics and lumped kinetics models were used to describe the reaction; a high regression coefficient indicated that the latter fitted best. The formation of non-oxidizable compounds was shown by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.     

Dry deposition and particle size distributions of nitrate and sulfate in ambient air

This study reports the dry deposition pollutants of anion species (NO₃ ^‐ and SO₄ ^‐2) in the Ping Tung City of Southern Taiwan. Several deposition properties are discussed in this paper. It included dry deposition flux, anion species size distribution and deposition velocities. Noll Rotary Impactor (NRI) and Microorifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) were used to collect ambient air coarse and fine particulate. Dry deposition plate was applied to collect particle deposition flux. Dionex 2000i/SP Ion Chromatography equipped with 4 mm AG4A‐SC and AS4A‐SC column was employed to analyze the anion species. The eluent solution is 1.8 mM sodium carbonate/1.7 mM sodium bicarbonate. The measured dry deposition flux of nitrate ranged from 0.63 to 3.96 mg/m²‐day and averaged 2.12 mg/m²‐day, while the measured dry deposition of sulfate ranged from 1.17 to 9.53 mg/m²‐day and averaged 3.92 mg/m²‐day. The particle size distribution of nitrate has bimodal particle size distributions. However, the sulfate displayed uniform particle size distribution for all four sampling sites. Mean cumulative fraction (F%) of nitrate in the particle size range below 1, 2.5, 10 and 25 μm, in sequence, were 34.6%, 60.9%, 91.0% and 97.6%, respectively. However, the mean F% of sulfate in the particle size range below 1, 2.5, 10 and 25 um, in sequence, were 57.3%, 82.6%, 90.3% and 98.0%, respectively. The sulfate has more F% in the submicron particles. The mean MMD _o of nitrate and sulfate are 2.35 and 0.87 μm, respectively. The mean dry deposition velocities of nitrate and sulfate are 0.45 and 0.38 cm/sec, respectively.     

含聚乙烯氧基长侧链共聚物阻磷酸钙垢性能研究

以过硫酸铵为引发剂,含不同乙烯氧基重复单元数n的烯丙基聚乙烯氧基硫酸铵(ASn,n=5,10,15,20)和马来酸酐(MA)为单体在水溶液中聚合,合成对循环冷却水系统中磷酸钙垢有显著阻垢效果的共聚物MSn(n=5,10,15,20),并利用红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)对聚合物MS10结构进行了表征。采用静态阻垢方法探讨了共聚物MSn中n值以及聚合物用量、溶液中Fe2+、Ca2+、杀生剂和溶液pH值、溶液温度对共聚物阻磷酸钙垢性能的影响。结果表明MSn用量存在临界值效应,MS10阻磷酸钙垢性能最好,在投加量为6 mg/L时MS10阻磷酸钙垢率达92%,且在高Fe2+浓度、高Ca2+浓度、高pH值以及高温条件下具有优异的阻磷酸钙垢性能,与异噻唑啉酮杀生剂和含氯含溴杀生剂有很好的配伍性。实验表明MS10是一种性能优异的循环水用阻磷酸钙阻垢剂。     

矿山循环水中SO42-的脱除研究

采用吸附法、七铝酸十二钙法、石灰-氯化铝絮凝沉淀法对矿山循环水中高浓度SO24-的脱除进行研究。结果表明:单纯采用吸附法来处理废水,处理后水中的SO24-远不能达到工业用水标准;实验室制备的七铝酸十二钙对SO24-的去除效果不理想,仅为35%,也无法达到工业用水标准;采用石灰-氯化铝絮凝沉淀法处理废水时,当Al3+投加量为420mg/L,pH值为11时,去除率高达90%以上,可使废水中的SO24-质量浓度从1 800 mg/L降至200mg/L以下,完全可循环回用于矿山的选矿和采矿生产。     

反硝化细菌抑制石油集输系统中硫酸盐还原菌试验研究

建立了两个UASB反应器(UASB-1和UASB-2)。其中UASB-1模拟石油集输系统中硫酸盐还原菌的生存环境,强化系统中硫酸盐还原菌的滋生,使其不断产生硫化氢气体。该系统的液体进入后续UASB-2厌氧反应器,其主要作用是在其中形成反硝化作用的环境条件,以控制石油输集系统中不断滋生的硫酸盐还原菌,从而达到控制硫化氢气体的目的。结果表明,硫酸盐还原菌的最佳氧化还原电位(ORP)为-370～-300mV,而反硝化细菌的最佳ORP为-150～-50mV。向系统中投加亚硝酸钠可迅速增加反应器中的ORP,并为反硝化细菌提供充足的氮源。当系统中的w(SO24-)∶w(NO2-)=8∶1.2时,抑制效果最佳,可以将硫化氢的产生降低至10%。运用16S rDNA基因克隆-变性梯度凝胶电泳分析方法研究了系统中微生物种属的变化情况。结果表明,反硝化细菌能够有效抑制系统中硫酸盐还原菌繁殖,系统中3种典型硫酸盐还原菌(脱硫弧菌属、脱硫肠状菌属、脱硫单胞菌属)逐渐消失,同时反硝化细菌的种属和数量都显著增加。     

硫酸盐腐蚀作用下膏体充填材料蠕变特性研究

为研究硫酸盐腐蚀后膏体充填材料的蠕变特性,采用饱和的Na2SO4溶液对充填体进行腐蚀试验,并对各个腐蚀时间不同的充填体采用TAW2000型岩石三轴试验机进行三轴蠕变试验。根据试验数据建立膏体充填材料的蠕变本构模型,将一个应变触发的非线性粘壶串联到Burgers模型上,建立满足充填体蠕变特性的改进Burgers模型,并推导其一维和三维蠕变本构方程。研究结果表明:在硫酸盐腐蚀作用下,充填体的蠕变变形在腐蚀6d时出现了一定的减少,但随着腐蚀时间的推移蠕变变形明显加大,在应力较大时出现了加速蠕变并导致试件破坏,硫酸盐腐蚀作用严重影响了充填效果;建立的改进的Burgers模型与试验数据基本吻合,能够反映腐蚀后充填体蠕变规律。     

硫酸盐还原菌对酸性废水中重金属的生物沉淀作用研究

在小型连续搅拌槽式反应器（CSTR）中,研究了持续低pH条件下,硫酸盐还原菌的生物沉淀作用对人工配制酸性重金属废水的处理效果。试验设置反应器进水pH值依次为4-3,3．5和2．6三个处理,进水中Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋和Cr^3＋含量分别为65、36和10mg·L^-1,SO4^2-含量约为6200mg·L^-1,接种物为经耐酸驯化的混合硫酸盐还原菌,试验时控制水力停留时间为36h,通过定期测定反应器出水pH、氧化还原电位（ORP）、碱度、SO4^2、S^2-以及重金属含量变化等指标来考察废水生物沉淀的处理效果。研究结果表明：对于进水pH值为2．6～4.3的酸性重金属废水,硫酸盐还原菌的生物沉淀作用均有较好的处理效果。处理后,反应器出水pH值大幅升至6．5～8．0,碱度由起始的300～2000mg·L^-1增至7500-4600mg·L^-1,废水中S041-还原率达72％～80％,Cu^2＋和Zn^2＋的去除（沉淀）率达99．9％,Cr^3＋去除率达99．1％。此外,随着进水pH值由413降至2．6,反应器出水pH和碱度均呈现逐步下降的趋势,而S04}的生物还原和重金属的去除效果变化不大。从反应器运行稳定性考虑,控制酸性重金属废水的进水pH值为3．5较适宜今后的实际应用。     

ESTIMATED BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFATE IN DILUTE LAKES1

ABSTRACT: Lake water sulfate values were examined for two areas in western Norway and the western United States presently receiving low levels of sulfate in atmospheric deposition. Data from these areas were used to estimate background concentrations of sulfate in lakes found in areas currently receiving acidic deposition. The two areas contain dilute lakes with concentrations of sea-salt corrected Ca+ Mg less than 50 μeq/l or conductivity < 10μS cm^-1and receive precipitation with volume-weighted mean pH > 4.8. Based on observations from these areas, we conclude that background sulfate concentrations were probably no more than 10 to 15 μeq L^-1for areas of Norway and the U.S. containing lakes with low concentrations of base cations. For southern Norway and the northeastern U.S., present lakewater sulfate concentrations represent an increase of 7 to 10 fold above these estimated background values.