双赢目标约束下中国能源结构调整测算

中国碳排放的主要来源是能源消费,能源消费又是经济增长的重要驱动因素,因而如何进行能源结构调整成为我国能否如期实现经济增长和碳减排双赢目标的关键。考虑技术进步的动态条件,基于1991-2013年中国的数据,采用超越对数生产函数对我国GDP增长中不同能源要素的贡献率进行了分解,并在2020年实现双赢目标的约束下,对不同能源2014-2020年期间的增长率在技术进步动态条件下进行了估算,分析了实现双赢目标的路径条件。研究结果显示:1综合要素、煤炭、石油、天然气、非化石能源等驱动因素1991-2013年期间对GDP的年均贡献率分别为:36.38%、13.03%、16.99%、12.00%、21.60%,中国经济增长对能源投入的依赖较强;2煤炭、石油、天然气对非化石能源的替代弹性较小,可替代性较差,但非化石能源对煤炭的替代弹性从2007年开始逐步增大,同时,煤炭、石油利用的技术进步慢于非化石能源,这有利于我国双赢目标的实现;3为实现2020年的双赢目标,煤炭、石油、天然气和非化石能源2020年的投入量需要比2013年分别增长26.43%、26.92%、57.53%、64.27%,2020年的能源消费结构比例为:0.63∶0.18∶0.07∶0.12,各种能源增长幅度不同,保持平稳调整;4在双赢目标约束条件下,从非化石能源、煤炭、石油、天然气四种能源角度分析了实现该目标的路径条件。从整体上看,在技术进步推动下,到2020年中国可以实现经济年均增长7%、碳排放强度下降44%的双赢目标。     

五氯酚(PCP)高效降解菌Psendomonas sp.CS5的研究

从曾受五氯酚(pentachlorophenol,简称PCP,下同)污染废水的活性污泥中,经驯化富集和分离筛选获得一株PCP降解菌,菌号为CS-W-98-5.在24h内该菌降解w(PCP)=400×10     

中欧可再生能源电力安全困境分析与合作路径

本文主要是为中欧可再生能源电力安全合作路径提供相关的政策建议。通过中欧双方可再生能源政策的相互比较,得到以下结论:1中国能源密度下跌的原因是节能减排政策的实施使用,不断提高能源效率和减排将是未来中国政府的核心任务;2把新能源外交与能源节约联系在一起,与欧盟之间加强中欧新能源合作,抓住机会引进新能源技术、设备和成果,以加强我们在新能源领域的竞争力;3建立战略目标和政策协调机制,以促进新能源外交政策的梳理,协同推进新能源外交战略目标的发展;4探索欧盟与中国的合作新机制,减少现有的国际机构或政府新成立的多边集团对短期商品价格冲击的影响,缓解短期的商品供应缺口和价格冲击;5在维护能源安全上,中欧双方有着共同的利益,也面临共同挑战。与欧盟在能源技术、能效管理、标准、法规、能源市场和监管等方面合作,推动中国节能和增效,对控制能源消费总量,实现能源生产和利用方式变革等都具有现实意义。     

城市典型居民社区水能消费碳排放核算与影响评价

居民社区用水用能的碳排放与行为选择和技术水平有关,且随时间波动性强。通过智能监测、实地调研、问卷调查等多种方法,自下而上构建了涵盖居民社区水能消费行为和基础设施相关的碳排放核算方法并评估其影响。通过对北京市海淀区某社区的案例研究发现,该社区夏季、春秋季、冬季碳排放量分别为18.2~20.8、19.3~21.5、58.5~63.8 t/d（以二氧化碳计）,不同季节周末日均碳排放量约为工作日的1.0~1.2倍,由于采暖等因素造成冬季碳排放是其他三季的3.0~3.1倍。从全年来看,社区基础设施端共排放二氧化碳6.98×10³ t/a,居民消费端排放4.94×10³ t/a,占比分别为58.7%和41.3%;案例社区的温室气体核算体系范围1（能源直接碳排放,即气耗）碳排放量为8.98×10³ t/a,范围2（能源间接碳排放,即电耗和水耗）碳排放量为2.92×10³ t/a,占比分别为75.4%和24.6%。研究结果表明,推动燃气设备等基础设施升级改造、倡导居民生活器具和行为方式节能化等途径是推动居民社区减碳和绿色低碳转型的重要手段。

     

Order 636 and the U.S. natural gas industry

An intent of the U.S. Federal Regulatory Commission's Order 636, promulgated in April 1992, was to promote competition and efficiency in the transportation sector of the natural gas industry. Additionally, the Order altered the roles of the traditional players in the industry by increasing not only their options for purchase and sale of natural gas, but also their risks. Increased options have the potential of increasing competition and efficiency, not only in the transportation sector, but also in the distribution sector. This paper examines impacts of Order 636. Using annual, aggregate, U.S. price data, a Wilcox rank sum test is employed to test for statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-636 eras. Results indicate median revenues attributable to the transportation sector have declined since the implementation of Order 636.¹ Although there are naturally a number of factors that may affect transportation revenues, the decline in median price can be attributed, at least in part, to increased competition, increased efficiency, or both. At this level of aggregation the effects can not be segregated. Results also indicate that although decreased costs of transportation have at least partially been passed on to final consumers, local distribution companies have not significantly altered their business practices when dealing with customers.     

大鸨生长期能量代谢和蛋白质沉积量的初步研究

对不同日龄笼养大鸨 (Otistarda)的能量代谢和蛋白质沉积量进行研究 .结果表明 ,5 0日龄、70日龄、30 0日龄和 4 0 0日龄雄性大鸨的能量日摄入量分别为 14 98.9kJ、2 376 .2kJ、2 397.4kJ和 2 4 6 5 .9kJ;能量代谢率分别为 82 .3%、81.8%、81.8%和 83.1% ;蛋白质的日沉积量分别为 5 .8g、13.4g、15 .8g和 13.5g .表 3参 9     

Trends in Raindrop Kinetic Energy with Modeled Climate Warming in the Lake Tahoe Basin

Two means by which climate change may increase surface soil erosion in mountainous terrain are: (1) increasing the frequency of extreme rainfall events and (2) decreasing the duration of snow cover on bare soil. We used output from four general circulation models (GCMs) and two greenhouse gas trajectories to produce a suite of hydrologic variables at a daily time‐step for historic and projected 21st Century conditions. We statistically disaggregated the daily rainfall to hourly, using hourly rainfall from a network of nine weather stations in the Tahoe Basin, and filtered out rain falling on a snowpack. We applied published equations to convert hourly intensity to raindrop kinetic energy (KE) for each day and grid cell in the Basin, averaged across grid cells, and created time series of total annual and maximum annual hourly kinetic energy (TKE and MKE) on snow‐free ground. Using the Generalized Extreme Value distribution, we calculated the significance of long‐term trends in KE on snow‐free ground, and estimated energy levels for return periods of 2, 20, and 100 years. We then detrended the snowpack data and compared the resulting trends in KE with the trends resulting from changes in both rainfall energy and snowpack under two GCMs. Principal findings include (1) upward trends in MKE, (2) stronger upward trends in TKE; and (3) an effect of increasing rainfall intensities on KE in some cases, and a strong effect of reduced snowpack in all cases examined.     

The importance of compatible beliefs for effective climate policy integration

ABSTRACT

European climate policy faced increasing constraints during the economic and Eurozone crises (2008–2014). The European Commission subsequently refocused policymaking toward integrating climate objectives into other policy areas such as energy and the 2014–2020 European Union (EU) budget. The conditions for successful climate policy integration (CPI) are analyzed, focusing on the compatibility of key actors’ beliefs. In renewable energy policy, CPI was successful as long as the co-benefits and related policy-core beliefs of energy security, rural economic development and climate action coexisted harmoniously. Once conflict among these policy-core beliefs emerged during the biofuels controversy, CPI was weakened as actors with competing economy-focused beliefs controlled the decision-making process. The case of EU budget climate mainstreaming illustrates how actors can add climate objectives into legislation despite meaningful discussion being ‘crowded out’ by other priorities. The findings highlight the importance of low conflict between departments, compatible beliefs and policy priorities for successful CPI.     

渔港布局及沿海渔港经济圈的构想

"点-轴系统"空间结构理论是区域开发的基础性理论.在渔港布局中运用该理论,首先确定各个海湾区域的重点渔港与城镇之间的多级发展轴线,在此基础上构建多个沿海渔港经济圈,带动渔港和海岸带的经济发展.     

印染工业废水处理工程设计要点

结合印染工业废水处理工程现状，提出应重视印染废水处理工程的工艺设汁，分析讨论了在印染工业废水处理工程设汁中要引起注意的三个方面问题。