On water security, sustainability, and the water-food-energy-climate nexus

The role of water security in sustainable development and in the nexus of water, food, energy and climate interactions is examined from the starting point of the definition of water security offered by Grey and Sadoff. Much about the notion of security has to do with the presumption of scarcity in the resources required to meet human needs. The treatment of scarcity in mainstream economics is in turn examined, therefore, in relation to how each of us as individuals reconciles means with ends, a procedure at the core of the idea of sustainable development. According to the Grey-Sadoff definition, attaining water security amounts to achieving basic, single-sector water development as a precursor of more general, self-sustaining, multi-sectoral development. This is consistent with the way in which water is treated as “first among equals”, i.e. privileged, in thinking about what is key in achieving security around the nexus of water, food, energy and climate. Cities, of course, are locations where demands for these multiple resource-energy flows are increasingly being generated. The paper discusses two important facets of security, i.e., diversity of access to resources and services (such as sanitation) and resilience in the behavior of coupled human-built-natural systems. Eight quasi-operational principles, by which to gauge nexus security with respect to city buildings and infrastructure, are developed.     

Nexus security: governance, innovation and the resilient city

Nexus security is a compound mix of ideas: reconciling human needs and wants with access to multiple resources; diversity of access to those resources and services; resilience in the face of weather- and climaterelated variability; resilience likewise in the face of infrastructure failure; and the personal, individual sense of belonging. At the level of Systems Thinking there is a very close relationship between resilience in the behavior of natural (ecological) systems and resilience in the social dynamics of governance within communities, where such resilience establishes the viability of these communities over centuries, which in turn entails successful stewardship of the man-environment relationship. We use insights from this cross-system mapping — across natural, built, and human systems — to assess, first, the role of city governance in achieving nexus security (or not) and, second, the role of technological innovations in serving the same purpose. More specifically, eight principles, covering resilience and diversity of access to resources and services, are used to gauge security-enhancing features of city buildings and infrastructure. Case studies include new designs of resilient office blocks, nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) recovery systems for sanitation and wastewater treatment, and the reconstruction of urban parks for the provision of ecosystem services. Throughout the paper, matters of risk in the face of meteorological variability are prominent. We do not conclude, however, that the presence of risk implies nexus insecurity.     

六溴环十二烷(HBCD)对斑马鱼发育早期能量代谢及软骨、肌肉和鱼鳍发育的影响

六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecane, HBCDs)是一种添加型阻燃剂,在环境中广泛存在。由于具有持久性、生物蓄积性和毒性等特征,HBCD很可能在水生生物体内富集并对其生长发育产生影响。将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于不同浓度的HBCD(0.1、0.5和1 mg·L^-1),通过油红O和阿尔新蓝染色观察幼鱼发育状况,并通过能量代谢及发育相关基因探讨可能的作用机制。结果表明,HBCD暴露影响了幼鱼对卵黄囊内生脂肪的吸收,并对幼鱼躯干骨骼肌、头部软骨和鱼鳍的发育产生损害。进一步研究发现,暴露组幼鱼体内ATP含量降低,ATP合成酶及电子呼吸链中还原性辅酶Ⅰ(NOX)和细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)等的活性显著降低;同时,早期发育相关基因如骨形成蛋白bmp、肌肉决定因子myod以及sox9a和wnt等基因的转录水平均受到显著抑制(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,HBCD会影响早期发育阶段的斑马鱼对卵黄囊营养物质的吸收,干扰体内能量代谢,导致能量供应不足,并通过bmp-sox9和wnt-myod等信号通路影响软骨组织、鱼鳍和骨骼肌的正常发育。     

乙腈溶剂中单壁碳纳米管与常见有机化合物的相互作用

以单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)为固定相,采用高压匀浆法,制备HPLC色谱柱.测定乙腈相中18种有机化合物在SWCNTs色谱柱上的保留因子,研究SWCNTs与化合物的相互作用.结果表明,有机化合物取代基的种类和个数、杂原子的个数影响乙腈相中有机化合物与SWCNTs的相互作用.采用线性溶解能关系(LSER)定量表征SWCNTs与有机化合物的相互作用,所构建的LSER模型具有较强的拟合能力(R2=0.844)和稳健性(Q2LOO=0.768),发现π-/n-电子对作用和空穴/弥散作用是控制SWCNTs与有机化合物相互作用的主要因素.     

SO2-4/TiO2表面的酸性对其光催化性能的影响

采用Na2CO3溶液将SO2-4/TiO2表面的SO2-4洗脱下来,用热重(TG)、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和吡啶吸附的红外光谱等手段,分析洗脱前后SO2-4/TiO2表面的酸量和酸类型的变化;在相同晶型、结晶度和吸光特性条件下,考察了SO2-4/TiO2表面的酸性对Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原效率的影响.结果表明:SO2-4/TiO2表面同时存在Lewis酸位和Bronsted酸位,通过Na2CO3溶液降低SO2-4/TiO2表面的酸量并去除Bronsted酸位后,其对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化活性显著降低.     

DDS系列煤炭自燃阻化剂实验研究

为寻找高效阻化剂以防止煤炭自热引燃，在控温炉中对ＤＤＳ系列煤自燃阻化剂的阻化效果进行了实验研究，并与经前的阻化剂做了比较。实验采用烟煤作为试样，借助于著名的Ｆｒａｎｋ－Ｋａｍｅｎｅｔｓｋｉｉ模型，利用４，６，８和１０厘米立方体阻化煤磁地６０－２２０℃温度范围估测其氧化反应的活化能。     

我国重点调查企业工业锅炉污染排放特征

基于中国2015年环境统计重点调查工业企业的逐台工业锅炉数据,分析了中国重点调查工业企业工业锅炉的现状、能源消耗、污染排放及治理水平等。统计数据分析表明:在能源消耗和废气污染物产生排放量上,燃煤工业锅炉占85%以上;燃煤工业锅炉规模越小,其烟粉尘排放强度越大;超过一半以上工业锅炉烟粉尘直排,烟粉尘去除率虚高;工业锅炉相对集中在东北、华北少数几个大省及热力、化工等少数几个重污染行业。对工业锅炉污染治理提出治理对策建议。     

硝酸异辛酯热安定性的实验研究

使用加速量热仪(ARC)研究硝酸异辛酯(EHN)的热分解,得到热分解温度随时间的变化曲线,自放热速率、分解压力随温度的变化曲线以及分解压力随升温速率的变化曲线。分析在绝热条件下硝酸异辛酯的热分解反应动力学和热分解过程,计算表观活化能、指前因子和反应热等参数。根据绝热热分解的起始温度和反应热数据,给出硝酸异辛酯在反应危险度等级中的分类,并计算在75℃时的反应风险指数。     

调质碳酸钙硫化机理的实验研究

对经Na2CO3溶解调质后石灰石煅烧、硫化特性进行了研究，发现调质后石灰石比未经调质石灰石具有更快的煅烧分解速率。CO2浓度变化对调质CaO硫化效果的影响程度要比未经调质CaO更为明显。调质CaO比调质前具有更高的最终钙转化率，但脱硫剂微观结构测定表明，调质CaO比表面积和孔隙率均小于同等条件下获得的未经调质CaO比表面积和孔隙率。利用X－衍射技术对CaO晶体结构进行了测定，对比晶格畸变度等参数并综合煅烧、硫化及脱硫剂孔特性，提出了调质CaO硫化反应机理为：前期为化学反应控制阶段，后期为离子扩散控制阶段。应用分形理论对CaO分形维数进行了计算，发现随CO2浓度的增加，无论调质与否得到的CaO，分形维数均呈下降趋势。     

混凝土复合型裂缝的断裂能及其判据研究

首先通过理论分析得到断裂能与能量释放率的关系,继而根据试验研究测出的单一型裂缝的断裂能,进行单一型裂缝断裂能与断裂韧度的相关性分析,得到了单一型裂缝的断裂能与能量释放率之间的关系,再进行数值模拟,获得混凝土复合型裂缝的断裂能。基于Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、二维复合型(Ⅰ-Ⅱ、Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅱ-Ⅲ)和三维复合型(Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ)的应力强度因子断裂临界曲线和临界曲面(即完整的系列K判据),通过各复合型裂缝的断裂韧度,得到相应的能量释放率,进而获得复合型裂缝的断裂能,绘出断裂能临界曲线和曲面,从而建立了完整的系列断裂能G判据。