两种有机锌络合物处理棉花的霉变及热解行为研究

棉花是纺织业的重要原料,是人民群众生活不可或缺的必需品,同时也是我国进出口重要的商品。研究如何安全有效地进行棉花的储备具有十分重要的现实意义。棉纤维本身含有脂肪、蜡质和果胶等适合微生物生长繁殖的营养物质。在棉花储备中,高的回潮率会加速微生物的繁殖,进而产生热量。热量的累积会引起温度升高以及棉花霉变,不利于棉花的安全有效储存。因此,通过静电吸附法将安全无毒的有机锌络合物附着在棉纤维表面,研究表明,相同条件下,处理棉的霉变状况明显得到抑制。加速发霉条件下,未处理棉的相对于白纸的平均色差值为28.10,而双乙酸锌以及苯甲酸锌防霉处理棉的色差值分别为5.16和5.86,下降了81.6%和79.1%。自然发霉条件下,双乙酸锌以及苯甲酸锌防霉处理棉的色差值分别下降了53.8%和50.7%。同时研究了纯棉以及处理棉氮气下的热分解动力学,相比于未处理棉,双乙酸锌防霉处理后活化能下降了15.8%,而苯甲酸锌防霉处理后活化能下降了10.9%。此外,利用实时红外和热重红外联用技术得到了样品在热解过程中固相以及气相的裂解产物的红外谱图,发现防霉处理能一定程度上抑制棉花热解。     

Off-grid: community energy and the pursuit of self-sufficiency in British Columbia's remote and First Nations communities

Remote or off-grid communities in Canada primarily rely on diesel generators for the provision of their electricity. Often surrounded by potential renewable resources, they are characterised as the low-hanging fruit of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies. While much is said about the promises of community energy projects, as well as technologies and policy mechanisms for addressing the needs of these communities, little attention has been paid to what communities, themselves, might want for their energy projects and what the implications of those desires might be for both technology development and community energy policies. This paper aims to fill this gap by exploring the on-going energy pursuits of a number of remote First Nations communities in British Columbia. It identifies a desire for community self-sufficiency as a primary motivation for engaging with energy projects on the part of the communities and discusses the various meanings and implications of self-sufficiency in the context of community energy projects. These meanings and implications primarily include the two dimensions of material self-sufficiency and political self-determination, the latter of which suggests a view of community energy projects as processes of decolonisation among First Nation communities in British Columbia. It then suggests that the pursuit of this goal is somewhat incongruent with the approach that government and industry have taken in addressing community energy, especially the way in which remote communities are viewed as the low-hanging fruit of various sustainability projects.     

Production costs and operative margins in electric energy generation from biogas. Full-scale case studies in Italy

The purpose of this study was to observe the economic sustainability of three different biogas full scale plants, fed with different organic matrices: energy crops (EC), manure, agro-industrial (Plants B and C) and organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) (Plant A). The plants were observed for one year and total annual biomass feeding, biomass composition and biomass cost (€ Mg^?1), initial investment cost and plant electric power production were registered. The unit costs of biogas and electric energy (€ Sm^?3_biogas, € kW h^?1_EE) were differently distributed, depending on the type of feed and plant. Plant A showed high management/maintenance cost for OFMSW treatment (0.155 € Sm^?3_biogas, 45% of total cost), Plant B suffered high cost for EC supply (0.130 € Sm^?3_biogas, 49% of total cost) and Plant C showed higher impact on the total costs because of the depreciation charge (0.146 € Sm^?3_biogas, 41% of total costs). The breakeven point for the tariff of electric energy, calculated for the different cases, resulted in the range 120–170 € MW h^?1_EE, depending on fed materials and plant scale. EC had great impact on biomass supply costs and should be reduced, in favor of organic waste and residues; plant scale still heavily influences the production costs. The EU States should drive incentives in dependence of these factors, to further develop this still promising sector.     

Ti/SnO_2-Sb阳极-空气阴极电催化降解染料废水

为解决电化学法处理高盐染料废水存在的能耗大、成本高等问题,分别采用溶胶-凝胶法和辊压法制备Ti/SnO_2-Sb阳极和空气阴极,构建了Ti/SnO_2-Sb阳极-空气阴极双极体系(TSSA-ADC)。甲基橙(MO)作为高盐染料废水的典型污染物,考察了电流强度、MO浓度、电解液浓度和初始p H对TSSA-ADC体系和TSSA单阳极体系降解MO的影响。结果表明:与TSSA单阳极体系相比,TSSA-ADC体系具有更好的抗有机负荷冲击、抗盐分冲击、抗酸碱波动能力,能够维护酸碱平衡防止硬度离子结垢。最佳反应条件为电流强度为0.030 A,电解液浓度为3%,MO浓度为100 mg/L,初始pH=6。以MO去除率达到98%为基准,TSSA-ADC体系比TSSA体系可节能74.26%。     

北京市燃煤源排放控制措施的污染物减排效益评估

为分析北京市燃煤源排放控制措施的污染物减排效益,基于MEIC（中国多尺度排放清单模型）,采用情景分析法,评估了北京市电厂能源清洁化与末端治理、燃煤锅炉改造和城区平房区居民采暖改造等措施的污染物减排效益.结果表明,相对于无控情景,2013年北京市电厂能源清洁化与末端治理减少PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂和NO_x排放量为1.28×104、2.10×104、5.13×104和4.98×104 t,分别占无控情景的85%、86%、87%、74%;北京市燃煤锅炉改造减少PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO_x排放量为1.09×104、2.68×104、11.64×104和5.81×104 t,分别占无煤改气情景的83%、89%、83%、83%;北京市老旧平房区的居民采暖改造减少PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂和NO_x排放量分别为630、870、2 070和790 t,均占无煤改电情景的8%.研究显示,北京市从1998年开始采取的各种减排措施有效地减少了污染物的排放,对北京市空气质量改善具有重要意义.      

固体云爆剂热分解性能研究

目的研究固体云爆剂的热分解特性。方法利用差示扫描量热(DSC)和热重分析(TG)测定该固体云爆剂的热分解过程。分别得到固体云爆剂在不同温度下的DSC和TG曲线,以及同一温度下云爆剂不同组分的DSC和TG曲线。结合线性回归分析的方法,利用Ozawa法、Starink法以及Kissinger法计算了反应活化能。结果其表观活化能为208 k J/mol左右。结论该固体云爆剂的热分解是一个连续的过程,具有良好的安定性。     

无线电引信电磁辐射能量耦合路径研究

目的为了确定外界电磁能量究竟如何进入到引信电路内部,针对无线电引信的电磁能量耦合路径进行系统研究。方法通过对多种引信进行不同形式的连续波、强电磁脉冲电磁辐照效应试验,对比引信天线、孔缝、弹体、电源模块等部位的能量耦合可能性。分析连续波、强电磁脉冲电磁环境对无线电引信作用的耦合规律。结果确定了电磁信号类型和引信接地结构是影响电磁能量耦合通道的关键因素,揭示了前门耦合是连续波电磁辐射环境的最主要方式。结论弹体或引信前端与电路共地的金属部件是强电磁脉冲辐射环境的主要能量路径,从而为无线电引信抗电磁性能加固的实施提供了有益参考。     

中国经济发展产生的能源和环境效应研究

为揭示中国经济持续增长对能源依靠程度、能源利用效率提高程度及环境污染改善水平,统计了2006年-2014年GDP、工业增加值、能耗、SO2和NOx排放量数据,计算得到单位能耗GDP和单位能耗污染物排放量,对比分析单位能耗GDP和单位能耗污染物排放量,前者持续增长,后者呈波动时下降,表明能源利用效率逐步提高,污染物排放得到有效控制.主要城市NOx和PM10浓度出现升高趋势,SO2浓度明显下降.NOx和PM10成为中国未来大气主要污染物,应采取措施控制,同时应注重对非工业源的控制.     

绿色会计视角下能源企业的成本核算优化研究

针对绿色会计视角下能源企业的成本核算优化,介绍了绿色会计视角下能源企业的成本核算,由于能源企业的发展,对环境产生了巨大危害,也导致能源企业由于本身成本过高,这才提出绿色会计,这样才能优化能源企业的成本,可以保证能源企业的可持续发展;同时,也保障了能源企业生态的稳定建设.基于绿色会计视角,探讨了能源企业的绿色成本优化研究,主要包括能源企业坚持绿色会计,确定绿色成本原则,能源企业绿色成本优化条件和能源企业加强绿色会计实践.     

KrBr*准分子灯直接光解一甲胺气体

研究了正弦电源驱动的207 nm KrBr*准分子灯光解气相中的一甲胺(MA).考察了降解的影响因素(气体流速、初始浓度、输入功率),测定了灯的输入功率和辐射光谱.为了评价光解过程,对去除效率、能率、碳平衡和CO2的选择性这4个参数进行了研究.结果表明,去除率随着灯的输入功率升高、气体流速的降低以及气体初始浓度的升高而升高.能率与一甲胺初始浓度呈正相关性,输入功率为65.1 W时能率最高.输入功率升高,气体流速下降,碳平衡和CO2选择性都略有升高.当灯的输入功率为79.8 W,气体流速9.0 m3·h-1,初始浓度为2 897 mg·m-3,一甲胺去除率为56.8%,能率为185.6g·(kW·h)-1,相应的碳平衡和CO2选择性为16.8%和10.3%.最后,利用气质联用仪测定了一甲胺降解的产物,结合一甲胺的吸收光谱,推测了一甲胺的光解机制.