基于压电传感板的建筑疏散照明技术

在当今世界,电力、能源和安全是人们日常生活的基本要求。为了应对日益增长的能源需求,最终的解决办法是实施可再生能源,然后将其用于人类的安全。可再生能源需要以它们各自正确的方式实施。研究基于压电传感器片的迈步发电装置,并演示了如何利用这些能量实现建筑物疏散照明。我们在传感器的下方和顶部分别固定了木板和可移动网螺栓,利用压电传感器系统,行人可以通过迈步向发电装置施加电能,另外,将硅凝胶粘贴在位于下部木板空洞中的所有传感器顶部。当有人踩到板上时,就会自动施加压力。在木板的顶部和底部设置了一个孔,以便随时调整在底部和顶板之间安装的可移动网螺栓。烟雾传感器用于启动灯光。使用这种设备,我们实现了建筑物疏散路径上的LED灯正常运行。结果表明,这种安全发电的设计和方法具有一定的实用价值,同时也满足了全球对能源的需求。     

初始氧化温度对浸水长焰煤二次氧化特性的影响机制

为揭示不同初始氧化温度下浸水长焰煤的氧化自燃特性,利用红外光谱和热分析实验手段以及MS数值模拟方法研究其氧化自燃规律,并采用线性拟合的方法阐述自由基变化特性。结合分子键能的变化,分析浸水条件下二次氧化的煤氧链式反应过程。研究结果表明:经过120 ℃预氧化后,浸水风干长焰煤的还原性官能团甲基、亚甲基、羟基均高于原煤,而羰基、羧基低于原煤;与原煤相比,浸水风干后的煤预氧化温度在120 ℃时最大升温速率最高（0.036 9 ℃/s）,表现出更强的自燃倾向性;MS模拟优化得出煤中各官能团在预氧化120 ℃时键能变化较大,结合热分析实验,确立预氧化后浸水风干煤体氧化自燃特性机制。     

Prediction of BLEVE mechanical energy by implementation of artificial neural network

In the event of a BLEVE, the overpressure wave can cause important effects over a certain area. Several thermodynamic assumptions have been proposed as the basis for developing methodologies to predict both the mechanical energy associated to such a wave and the peak overpressure. According to a recent comparative analysis, methods based on real gas behavior and adiabatic irreversible expansion assumptions can give a good estimation of this energy. In this communication, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach has been implemented to predict the BLEVE mechanical energy for the case of propane and butane. Temperature and vessel filling degree at failure have been considered as input parameters (plus vessel volume), and the BLEVE blast energy has been estimated as output data by the ANN model. A Bayesian Regularization algorithm was chosen as the three-layer backpropagation training algorithm. Based on the neurons optimization process, the number of neurons at the hidden layer was five in the case of propane and four in the case of butane. The transfer function applied in this layer was a sigmoid, because it had an easy and straightforward differentiation for using in the backpropagation algorithm. For the output layer, the number of neurons had to be one in both cases, and the transfer function was purelin (linear). The model performance has been compared with experimental values, proving that the mechanical energy of a BLEVE explosion can be adequately predicted with the Artificial Neural Network approach.     

Applications of dust explosion hazard and disaster prevention technology

Powdered materials are widely used in industrial processes, chemical processing, and nanoscience. Because most flammable powders and chemicals are not pure substances, their flammability and self-heating characteristics cannot be accurately identified using safety data sheets. Therefore, site staff can easily underestimate the risks they pose. Flammable dust accidents are frequent and force industrial process managers to pay attention to the characteristics of flammable powders and create inherently safer designs.This study verified that although the flammable powders used by petrochemical plants have been tested, some powders have different minimum ignition energies (MIEs) before and after drying, whereas some of the powders are released of flammable gases. These hazard characteristics are usually neglected, leading to the neglect of preventive parameters for fires and explosions, such as dust particle size specified by NFPA-654, MIE, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust cloud, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer, and limiting oxygen concentration. Unless these parameters are fully integrated into process hazard analysis and process safety management, the risks cannot be fully identified, and the reliability of process hazard analysis cannot be improved to facilitate the development of appropriate countermeasures. Preventing the underestimation of process risk severity due to the fire and explosion parameters of unknown flammable dusts and overestimation of existing safety measures is crucial for effective accident prevention.     

德国污水处理考虑减排的工程实例及思考

探讨污水处理系统脱氮和污泥消化中的减排潜力,即开发污泥碳源和能源。本文所列举的德国工程实例说明污泥裂解技术可以大幅改善污水处理系统的碳排放特性,并且通过污泥厌氧消化实现能源自给。     

Beyond Rio: Sustainable energy scenarios for the 21st century

Reaching the economic, environmental and sustainability objectives of all societies requires overcoming several major energy challenges; it necessitates rapid progress in multiple areas. The scenario pathways presented in this paper describe transformative changes toward these goals, taking a broad view of the four main energy challenges faced by society in the 21st century: providing universal access to modern energy for all; reducing the impacts of energy production on human health and the environment; avoiding dangerous climate change; and enhancing energy security. The overarching objective of the paper is to provide policy guidance on how to facilitate the transformation of the energy system to achieve these multiple energy objectives. Particular focus is given to the required pace of the transformation at both the global and regional levels, and to the types of financial and policy measures that will be needed to ensure a successful transition. Synergies and trade‐offs between the objectives are identified, and co‐benefits quantified. The paper makes an important contribution to the scenario literature by approaching the global transition toward sustainable development in a more integrated, holistic manner than is common in other studies.     

宁夏能源结构的低碳优化研究

宁夏的经济结构具有显著的高碳特征,煤炭与电力行业占全区工业产值的比重约1／2,工业产值又占据宁夏GDP的半壁江山。低碳时代的到来不可逆转,减碳是对宁夏经济的重大考验与挑战。采用灰色关联分析法对宁夏各行业与碳排放的关联度进行分析,并结合各相关产业区域专业化系数分析,提出宁夏产业结构升级和能源结构优化的建议。     

1980--2009年中国经济增长对化石能源消耗的依赖关系

随着中国经济的发展,我国高化石能源消耗问题也越来越突出。计算了1980--2009年中国人均化石能源足迹,并将其与人均GDP联系起来进行研究,发现在这30年中我国人均化石能源消耗和人均GDP都呈现逐步增长趋势,在用E—G两步法进行协整检验的过程中发现两者存在长期稳定的均衡关系;采用格兰杰因果检验进行进一步的验证分析发现,我国人均化石能源足迹和人均GDP之间互为因果关系,进一步说明我国经济发展对能源消耗尤其是化石能源消耗具有依赖性,且经济发展会进一步刺激化石能源使用的增加。因此,采取节能降耗措施应从调整产业结构和能源消费结构入手,在降低能耗期间我国会出现经济增长放缓的现象。     

基于LMDI的我国能源消费因素分解研究

经济飞速发展使我国能源消费急剧增长,能源消费与能源供给、环境污染矛盾日益突出。在分析我国能源消费和能源消费强度变化趋势的基础上,运用LMDI法将我国1996--2010年能源消费变化分解为产出效应、结构效应和强度效应,探讨产出提高、结构调整、效率提高对我国能源消费和能源强度的影响。结果显示,生产规模扩大对能源消费起到正向的拉动作用,结构调整对缓解能源消费增长还有较大的上升空间,能源强度对能源消费的抑制效应自“十一五”期间起作用逐步显现。     

中国省际技术进步、技术效率与区域能源需求

构建了技术进步、技术效率与区域能源需求的分析框架,采用Malmquist指数估算1995-2007年中国29个省(直辖市、自治区)的全要素生产率(TFP)增长,并将其分解为技术进步指数和效率变化指数。在此基础上,实证分析了技术进步、技术效率对区域能源需求的影响,并考察了能源相对价格、人力资本和固定资本存量等因素,进行技术进步、技术效率对能源需求影响的实证检验,为我国制定合理的区域节能政策提供理论依据。本文的研究结果表明,技术进步、技术效率对能源需求的影响表现出明显的地区差异:技术效率对东部和中部地区的能源需求有显著负影响;技术进步只对东部地区的能源需求有显著负影响;技术进步、技术效率对西部地区的能源需求均没有显著影响。各个地区不同的经济基础、能源资源禀赋和对外开放度可能是造成该现象的主要原因。在上述结论基础上,论文对中国区域技术进步与节能提出了相应的政策建议。