Role of Bio-Energy Plantations for Carbon-Dioxide Mitigation with Special Reference to India

Fuelwood plays an important role in the rural economy of the developing countries of Asia and Africa. Optimizing energy fixation in forest trees through high density energy plantations (HDEP), gasification of wood, and conversion of forest tree biomass, are some of the potential areas whereby additional research and development input for efficient management of atmospheric carbon in our energy system can be incorporated. For example, the photosynthetic efficiency of forest trees is rarely above 0.5%, which on the basis of theoretical considerations can be increased by up to 6.6%. Thus there is an ample scope to improve the efficiency up to 1%, which amounts to doubling of the productivity of the forests. Recent policy changes and experiences with wood-based bio-energy programmes in several countries indicate that woodfuels may become increasingly attractive as industrial energy sources. Use of biodiesel and the formulation of a project for undertaking 13.4 million ha of Jatropha plantations in India highlight the seriousness with which the Government of India is promoting carbon neutral energy plantations. The cost of establishment of plantations primarily for fuel production and its conversion to energy are major deterrents in this pursuit. Some of the issues in developing countries, like low productivity on marginal lands, degraded forest lands, and unorganized units for biomass energy conversion, result in cost escalation as compared to other energy sources. This paper revisits the scope for raising energy plantations, a comparison of the direct and indirect mitigation potential uses of plantations as an adaptation strategy through reforestation and afforestation projects for climate change mitigation and socio-economic issues to make this venture feasible in developing countries.     

饮用水源水质模糊评价与保护建议

对生活饮用水源水质现状进行了水质模糊评价,提出相适宜的保护办法,为有针对性地防治水污染,保护地表饮用水源,进一步改善水质,优化水源管理,保障人民健康和维护良好的生态系统提供科学依据。     

造纸污泥热解特性及动力学研究

为了解污泥在氮气氛围下的热解特性,利用热重分析仪对造纸污泥进行了实验研究。实验发现,在10℃/min和20℃/min的升温速率下,污泥热解过程都经历了三个阶段的失重。实验还发现污泥与煤混合物的热解速率在固定碳燃尽阶段与单独污泥热解相比较得到了较大的提高。并根据对热重曲线的分析,得到污泥的反应动力学参数:频率因子和活化能。     

碳源循环单级生物脱氮技术研究

开发了一种列管式固定化细胞生物反应器，其特征在于硝化菌和反硝化菌被混合固定于中空的PVA凝胶管的管壁之中，PVA凝胶管平行置于圆柱形筒体内，构成一个类似于列管式换热器的生物脱氮反应器。需要处理的氨氮废水在固定化细胞管的外侧与圆柱形壳体的内侧间流动，而反硝化所需的碳源（乙醇水溶液）则在PVA凝胶管内循环。研究了列管式固定化细胞生物反应器进行单级生物脱氮的可行性和连续运行的效果，并证明了在非纯菌种的固定化细胞单级生物脱氮过程化细胞生物反应器进行单级生物脱氮的可行性和连续运行的效果，并证明了在非纯菌种的固定化细胞单级生物脱氮过程中，存在着NH^ 4→NO^-2→N2的短积生物脱氮。     

社会最优可持续发展模型的建立与分析

通过对能源、环境、经济和社会发展4者关系的分析，建立了社会可持续发展模型，进而找到了社会最优可持续发展轨迹，为国家或地区社会发展的战略决策提供了可资参考的理论工具，同时进一步深化了可持续发展概念，提出了唯一的社会最优可持续发展概念。     

我国几种典型树种非甲烷烃类的排放特征

采用封闭式采样法和带有预浓缩及程序升温装置的熔融毛细管柱气相色谱仪，对我国的松、柏、杨、槐等几种典型树种排放非甲烷烃类（ＮＭＨＣ）的组成和排放速率进行了定性和定量测定，初步确定了不同树种和的特征物种和排放规律，结果表明，针叶树种和阔叶树种排放的ＮＭＨＣ组成差别很大，各树种的排放规律除了与自身的结构和生理活动等在内在因素有关外，还在不同程度上受到外界因素（主要是温度和光强）的影响，一般温度越高，光强     

米草光合作用速率季节变化及其对初级生产的影响

对江苏省滨海具盐沼生态系统中大米草和互花米草群落有关生理生态学指标进行了为期一年的定位观察和测定。结果表明：互花米草和大米草，地上生物量（干重）在９月达到最高值，分别为１７１４ｇ／ｍ￣２和４１９ｇ／ｍ￣２；叶绿素季节变化模式分别呈斜“Ｚ”型和扁“Ｗ”型。两种米草光合作用同化率６月明显高于９月．植物材料能含量变化从１２．５６ｋＪ／ｇ到２０．１０ｋＪ／ｇ。     

Biophysical energy analyses of non-market values of the Ebro Delta

Non-market values were estimated with energy analysis under four land cover scenarios in the Ebro Delta, Spain. The market value of agriculture, the primary use value, is compared. Conversion of the natural landscape to agricultural fields has resulted in a drop in total annual non-market value from $721 million in the pristine scenario to $11 million in the present scenario. The market value of the agricultural crops has risen over time, from $10 million to almost $52 million, contributing the major portion of the total value of the Delta. However, the rate of return has decreased from the pristine to the present delta, indicating that more energy is required to produce a smaller output. Energy analyses reveal that one form of value—non-market value—is being traded for another—market value.     

鄂中丘陵地区农户生态系统能流分析

本文分析了鄂中丘陵地区一个典型农户生态系统的能流途径,人工辅助能的输入结构,各亚系统的能量输入、输出组成和能量流动关系,以及能量转化效率。以70个农户的样本分析研究了投能结构对能效的影响规律。结果表明,当地农户生态系统仍是一种以有机能为主要人工辅助的封闭性较强的能量转化系统;增加人工辅助能,特别是无机能的投入可以增加能量产出。     

富氧生物硝化处理微污染原水除NO2--N研究

为去除微污染原水中的NO2--N和提高水厂的饮水安全性,采用弹性填料微孔曝气富氧生物硝化法处理某微污染水源原水,探讨了原水不同水质及天然水体温度下富氧生物硝化工艺的除NO2--N效果,研究了水温与富氧生物硝化工艺NO2--N去除效果的相关性。结果表明,当富氧生物硝化工艺正常稳定运行HRT为1.2h,气水比为1∶1,pH6.5~7.4,DO为8~10mg·L–1,原水水温26~30℃、NO2--N0.05~0.4mg·L–1、NH4 -N0.4~1.8mg·L–1和CODMn7.01~9.61mg·L–1时,富氧生物硝化工艺NO2--N的去除率为77%～100%;原水水温20～22℃、NO2--N0.09~0.5mg·L–1、NH4 -N0.7~2.5mg·L–1和CODMn5.84~9.11mg·L–1时,去除率为44%～63%;原水水温10～12℃、NO2--N0.04~0.8mg·L–1、NH4 -N0.9~4.5mg·L–1·和CODMn6.53~9.27mg·L–1时,去除率为25%～40%。原水水温与富氧生物硝化工艺NO2--N去除率呈现明显的线性相关性,相关方程为:y=3.3628x-9.528,相关系数为0.8744。