不同经济发展路径下的能源需求与碳排放预测——基于河北省的分析

运用协整检验和马尔科夫链等方法研究不同经济增长路径下河北省2017~2035年的能源需求与结构、CO₂排放情况.结果显示：经济增长对能源需求具有明显的拉动作用.低速增长情景下,河北2035年的人均能源消费量与能源消费总量将分别达到5.261tce和41613.294万tce,而高速情景下则分别为7.618tce和60258.456万tce.河北未来的能源结构将长期保持相对稳定的状态,煤炭在能源结构中的绝对份额短期内难以改变,预计到2035年煤炭的消费占比仍将达到88.16%.河北的CO₂排放量将依然长期保持增长趋势.高速情景下,预计CO₂排放量将从2017年的87699.314万t增加至2035年的159117.415万t,分别是同期低速增长情景下的1.01倍和1.45倍.应保持经济合理增长,优化能源消费结构,调整产业布局,培育和发展新动能.     

过渡金属掺杂对镧锡烧绿石催化碳烟燃烧性能的影响

催化燃烧是去除机动车排放碳烟颗粒物的有效方法之一.利用CTAB辅助法制备了不同过渡金属掺杂的镧锡烧绿石型La_2Sn_(1.8)TM_(0.2)O_7(TM为Sn、Mn、Fe、Co和Cu)复合氧化物催化剂.采用XRD、氮气吸脱附、SEM、FT-IR、H2-TPR和荧光光谱(PL)等手段表征了催化剂的理化性质,采用程序升温氧化(TPO)技术评价了其催化碳烟燃烧的活性.研究发现,催化剂经900℃焙烧后呈球形形貌,具有相对较大的比表面积(~20 m2·g~(-1)).低价过渡金属离子的掺杂使氧空位的整体浓度增加,有利于催化剂活化吸附氧分子,改变材料的氧移动和氧化还原性能.富氧气氛下,少量过渡金属掺杂提高了烧绿石催化碳烟燃烧的活性和选择性,这与氧空位浓度的增加以及氧化还原能力的提高有关,其中Co-LSO具有较好的催化性能,起燃温度(T10)为379℃,CO_2选择性接近100%;NOx气氛存在可以进一步提升催化剂氧化去除碳烟的活性.利用等温反应和碳烟厌氧滴定实验进行了活性氧浓度的定量和反应动力学分析,并计算出富氧气氛下催化反应的转化频率(TOF),其中Co-LSO样品的TOF值最大为3.20×10~(-3)s~(-1),基于TOF的活性顺序与TPO法得到的起燃性能的结果基本一致.     

基于PLS-VIP方法的我国居民间接碳排放研究

使用STIRPAT模型、PLS-VIP方法研究间接生活能源消费等因素对我国城乡居民间接碳排放的影响。结果显示:城乡居民间接生活能源消费弹性系数都位居第一位,富有弹性;人口规模、人均GDP的弹性系数为负值,我国人口的扩大以及经济的发展会降低间接CO_2排放量;城乡居民城镇化的弹性系数都为负值,新型城镇化建设能够降低间接碳排放量;农村第三产业比重的弹性系数为负值。最后,提出提高城乡居民间接生活能源使用效率、大力发展农村第三产业等建议。     

超声波促进污泥过程减量化的研究进展及展望

随着污泥处理处置问题的日益严峻,基于清洁生产理念的污泥过程减量化技术已成为业界的研究热点。超声波以其"绿色、高效"在污泥过程减量化工艺中引起了广泛关注。探讨了超声波促进污泥过程减量化的机理和主要影响因素,概述了单独利用超声波及超声波与其他技术联用促进污泥过程减量化的研究现状,展望了低强度超声波在污泥过程减量化中的应用前景和研究方向。     

建立MFCA账户对竹产业节能减排和环境保护的影响研究

竹产业既是传统行业又是新兴产业,在国家提倡的节能减排和环境保护过程中扮演重要角色.通过分析竹产业的现状,十分有必要给竹产业企业建立MFCA账户.同时,通过对浙江S拉丝企业的MFCA分析,建议S竹拉丝企业在能量损耗和机械折旧率控制上减少不必要的消耗,如精准控制无聊投放的时间节点,并且减少系统资源成本,积极与当地政府沟通,达成在政策层面有效支持节能减排和环境保护的推广,如与环境紧密关联的负产品处置补贴等.     

基于纳米TiO2添加的新型航空涂料性能研究

目的解决纳米TiO_2在涂料中的团聚问题,同时实现增强涂层防腐蚀、疏水性能和耐紫外老化性能。方法以氯醚树脂为航空涂料的主要成膜物质,以经氟硅烷改性后的金红石型纳米TiO_2颗粒为主要吸光剂和疏水剂,配合其他合适填料和颜料制备一种新型航空涂料,通过拉拔法、硬度测试法、电化学极化曲线法、接触角测试法和人工紫外加速老化等测试手段分别对涂层的力学性能、电化学性能、疏水性能和耐紫外老化性能进行研究。结果改性后的金红石型纳米TiO_2颗粒的分散性及与氯醚树脂的相容性得到改善。当添加量为2%~3%时,涂层腐蚀防护性能、表面疏水性、耐紫外老化性能达到最佳,附着力、硬度等力学性能达到航空涂料的基本使用要求。结论该涂料有效地解决了纳米TiO_2在涂料中的团聚问题,提高了涂层的防腐蚀、疏水性能和耐紫外老化性能。     

Experiment-based investigations of magnesium dust explosion characteristics

An experimental investigation was carried out on magnesium dust explosions. Tests of explosion severity, flammability limit and solid inerting were conducted thanks to the Siwek 20 L vessel and influences of dust concentration, particle size, ignition energy, initial pressure and added inertant were taken into account. That magnesium dust is more of an explosion hazard than coal dust is confirmed and quantified by contrastive investigation. The Chinese procedure GB/T 16425 is overly conservative for LEL determination while EN 14034-3 yields realistic LEL data. It is also suggested that 2000-5000 J is the most appropriate ignition energy to use in the LEL determination of magnesium dusts, using the 20 L vessel. It is essential to point out that the overdriving phenomenon usually occurs for carbonaceous and less volatile metal materials is not notable for magnesium dusts. Trends of faster burning velocity and more efficient and adiabatic flame propagation are associated with fuel-rich dust clouds, smaller particles and hyperbaric conditions. Moreover, Inerting effectiveness of CaCO₃ appears to be higher than KCl values on thermodynamics, whereas KCl represents higher effectiveness upon kinetics. Finer inertant shows better inerting effectiveness.     

A simple method to harness DC (direct current) electrical energy generated by bacterial activity

We developed a new system for collecting electrons generated by bacterial activity to supply DC (direct current) electrical energy. This system used eight titanium sub-electrodes (surface area of each sub-electrode: 189 cm²) connected to one central main titanium electrode (surface area of electrode: 1571 cm²). The distance between each sub-electrode and the main electrode was 30 cm. In an initial experiment, we collected electrons during composting cattle excreta, which was mixed with a commercially available microbial compost activator/starter. We analysed the relationships between the composting temperature and electrical current and voltage. Electrons were effectively collected and used successfully to obtain DC electrical energy. Generation of a stable voltage of approximately 0.5 V was clearly observed. This voltage was not related to compost temperature; however, the generated electrical current increased and decreased with compost temperature. The method was then used in a second experiment to collect electrons generated by bacterial activity in an agricultural field (area: 48 m²). Electrons in the field were effectively collected, and we measured a stable voltage of approximately 1.1 V and a stable current of approximately 0.7 mA. The system has the advantages of being simple, easily maintained, inexpensive, and applicable to large-scale agricultural fields.     

Controls on sediment delivery in coastal plain rivers

Rivers crossing coastal plains are often inefficient conveyors of sediment, so that changes in upstream sediment dynamics are not evident at the river mouth. Extensive accommodation space and low stream power often result in extensive alluvial storage upstream of estuaries and correspondingly low sediment loads at the river mouth. However, gaging stations with sediment records are typically well upstream of the coast, and thus tend to overestimate sediment yields by under-representing the lower coastal plain and because there is often a net loss of sediment in lower coastal plain reaches. Studies of alluvial sediment storage have generally focused on accommodation space, but, using examples from Texas, we show that low transport capacity controlled largely by slope is a crucial factor.     

企业清洁生产审核过程的体会

企业清洁生产审核是企业实行清洁生产的重要前提.阐明了企业清洁生产审核的重要性、面临的形式、存在的问题,以及改进的措施和努力的方向.