电增强活性炭纤维吸附有机污染物的动力学研究

研究了在电极化条件下,几种具有代表性污染物质在活性炭纤维上的电吸附动力学特性.结果表明,各种污染物的电吸附动力学比较好地符合Lagergren一级吸附动力学,其平衡吸附量在电极化下的增加量各不相同.在400mV的极化电位下,苯酚钠的吸附量从开路时的0.008 3mmol·g^-1增加到0.18 mmol·g^-1,增加了17倍;而对硝基苯酚的吸附量从开路时的2.93mmol·g^-1降到2.65 mmol·g^-1.在-400mV的极化电位下,苯胺的吸附量从开路时的3.60 mmol·g^-1增加到3.88 mmol·g^-1;而十二烷基苯磺酸钠的吸附量从开路时的2.20 mmol·g^-1降到1.59 mmol·g^-1.说明不同取代基的苯衍生物,电吸附改变量不相同,供电子基团的单取代苯,正极化都能明显增强其吸附量;但是吸电子基团的单取代,正负极化对吸附量的影响都很小;供体-共轭桥键-受体型结构的苯衍生物,正负极化都使其吸附减弱但吸附速率加快.静电作用在离子型污染物的电吸附中表现明显.     

超声对污泥流变性及絮凝脱水性的影响

采用旋转粘度法研究了活性污泥体系的流变特性,考察和比较了超声处理前后污泥粘度及过滤比阻的变化,并就超声处理污泥的絮凝脱水性能进行了相关测试和分析.结果表明,随剪切速率的增大,污泥表观粘度降低,流动性增大,表现出流体变稀;污泥的流变特性反映出其胶状网络结构具有相对稳定性,污泥对水的结合能力强,因此,其过滤比阻高、脱水性能差;在固定频率25 kHz条件下,低声能密度(0.10～0.15W·mL-1)、短时间(2～3 min)超声处理可有效降低污泥表观粘度及过滤比阻;在絮凝剂(PDMDAAC)投量为污泥干固体质量(TS的)0.5%时,超声处理污泥的过滤比阻与滤饼含水率可分别降低至最小值0.18×109s2·g-1和65.7%.实验结果表明,将超声与絮凝剂结合用于污泥调理是可行的.     

Performance of a novel vertical-flow settler: a comparative study

By increasing particle concentration and G value （root-mean-square velocity gradient） to enhance flocculation, a novel vertical-flow settler was designed to increase sedimentation effectiveness, and to simultaneously improve operational stabilization. Due to the gradual decrease in upward flow-rate of raw water, a floes blanket would form and suspend in the middle section of the settler, not at the bottom as in a conventional clarifier. Enough large floes, resulted from flocculation or fltration, would continuously settle out of the floes blanket, and simultaneously, the floes in raw water or those forming above the blanket would ceaselessly enter the floes blanket. As a result, the floes concentration in the blanket could keep a dynamic balance. The hydrodynamic shear in the blanket was improved by flow separation, which was induced by the abrupt change in flow channel. Due to the floes blanket and improved hydrodynamic shear, flocculation would be enhanced, which was helpful for removing fine particles in raw water. A comparative study showed that the novel vertical-flow settler had a much better performance in the removal of the particles in raw water than a conventional one, when they treated kaolin suspensions of different concentrations （500, 100 and 50 mg/L, respectively） coagulated by polyaluminum chloride（PAC1） at the up-flow rates of 1 and 2 mm/s, respectively.     

Selection of appropriate organic additives for enhancing Zn and Cd phytoextraction by hyperaccumulators

Chelant-enhanced phytoextraction is one of the most promising technologies to remove heavy metals from soil. The key of the technology is to choose suitable additives in combination with a suitable plant. In the present study, laboratory batch experiment of metal solubilization, cress seeds germination were undertaken to investigate the metal-mobilizing capability and the phytotoxicity of organic additives, including ethylene diamine triacetic acid （EDTA）, citric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, glutamine and monosodium glutamate waste liquid （MGWL） from food industry. Experiments in pots were carried out to study the effects of the additives on Zn and Cd phytoextraction. Furthermore, a leaching experiment with lysimeter was performed to evaluate the environmental risks of additive-induced leaching to underground water. The results showed that EDTA had a strong mobilizing ability for Zn and Cd, followed by mixed reagent （MR） and MGWL. MGWL and acetic acid at 5 mmol equivalent per liter resulted in seed germination index less than 2%. Experiments in pots verified the phytotoxicity of acetic acid and MGWL. Addition of the mixed reagent at 6--10 mmol/kg significantly increased Zn phytoextraction by Thlaspi caerulescens. The same for EDTA and the mixed reagent at 10 mmol/kg by Sedum dfredii. But only mixed reagents could significantly increase Cd phytoextraction by the studied hyperaccumulators. This suggested that the strong chelant was not always the good agent to enhance phytoextraction. S. alfredii combined with 2--10 mmol/kg soil MR was preferred for phytoremediation of Cd/Zn contaminated soils in southern China, this could result in high phytoextraction of Cd/Zn and reduce the leaching risk to underground water than EDTA assisted phytoextration.     

响应面法优化预氧化强化混凝处理铁锰地下水

以KMnO_4为氧化剂,Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O为混凝剂,含铁锰离子地下水为模拟用水,考察预氧化强化混凝法的效果。利用响应面设计试验,分析氧化剂投加量、混凝剂投加量和pH值对铁锰去除的交互作用。模型优化结果显示,在氧化剂投加量4.16 mg/L,混凝剂投加量263.68 mg/L,pH值为7.54的最佳工艺参数下,铁锰去除率分别可达98.22%和97.49%。     

pH对煤泥水絮凝沉降的影响

选择聚合氯化铝(PAC)/阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺(PHP)、氯化钙(CaCl2)/非离子型聚丙烯酰胺(NPAM)组合与NPAM、PHP、两性离子型聚丙烯酰胺(ZPAM)作为絮凝剂,在对道清选煤厂水采筛下原生煤泥和浮选尾矿的煤泥水进行组合药剂絮凝实验的基础上,考察了pH对煤泥水絮凝沉降的影响。实验结果表明,在不同的pH下,煤泥水的絮凝效果不同:在酸性条件下,宜单独使用有机高分子絮凝剂;在中性至碱性条件下,无机凝聚剂和有机絮凝剂联合使用效果较好。     

胶束强化超滤去除水中双酚A

采用截留分子量(MWCO)为5000 Dalton、1000 Dalton的聚砜超滤膜,MWCO为1 kDa的再生纤维素超滤膜;采用十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、曲拉通100(TritonX-100)、吐温80(Tween-80)、烷基多苷(APG)为表面活性剂,用胶团强化超滤工艺去除水中双酚A。研究了不同材质和截留分子量的超滤膜、表面活性剂浓度、膜操作压力、溶液pH和溶液中电解质等因素对该工艺的影响。结果表明,SDBS对双酚A有较好的去除效果,去除率在80%以上。在H+和Na+存在的条件下,双酚A的截留率增加,透过液中SDBS浓度降低。SDBS与非离子表面活性剂的复配可以提高双酚A截留率,降低透过液中SDBS的浓度,复配效果优劣顺序为Tween-80TritonX-100APG。     

混凝-Fenton试剂氧化工艺处理机械厂洗涤废水

对某厂机械洗涤废水,采用混凝-Fenton试剂进行处理。结果表明,用聚铝（w（PAC）=5%）对废水进行絮凝沉淀,PAC最佳投加量为1.5 mL/L（废水）,絮凝后的COD去除率为29.6%;芬顿试剂最佳操作条件为：n（H2O2）∶n（Fe2＋）=5∶1,m（H2O2）∶m（COD）=2.5∶1,废水pH=5,温度为30℃,反应时间为2 h,经氧化后,COD的去除率为78.5%;经过混凝沉淀-芬顿氧化处理,COD的总去除率为84.9%,去除效果良好。     

有机化纳米粘土基絮凝吸附材料对马铃薯淀粉加工废水的资源化处理

采用物理化学提纯方法制备了有机化纳米粘土基絮凝吸附材料,经过以聚乙二醇2000(PEG-2000)、十六烷基三甲基溴化氨(CTAB)、四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAOH,质量分数25％)和溴化四苯基磷(TPPB)4种表面活性剂对絮凝吸附材料进行有机化修饰,并将其应用于马铃薯淀粉加工废水的资源化处理.实验结果表明,有机化纳米粘土...     

羟基乙叉二膦酸镀铜废液的处理及Cu~(2+)的高附加值资源化回收

采用Na BH4还原法将羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDP)镀铜废液中的Cu~(2+)制备成纳米铜粉,并采用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对还原反应后的废液进行絮凝处理。研究了n(Cu~(2+))∶n(Na BH4)、还原反应温度、还原反应时间及PAM添加量对废液中剩余Cu~(2+)质量浓度的影响,并对回收的纳米铜粉进行了XRD和TEM表征。实验结果表明:当n(Cu~(2+))∶n(Na BH4)=4∶6、还原反应温度为50℃、还原反应时间为2 h时,废液中剩余Cu~(2+)质量浓度降低至1.1 mg/L,Cu~(2+)还原率达99.99%;可获得粒径为20~45 nm的近球型、高纯度、由多晶组成的纳米铜粉;当PAM添加量为10 mg/L时,废液中剩余Cu~(2+)质量浓度降至0.35 mg/L以下,达到GB 21900—2008《电镀污染物排放标准》(小于0.5 mg/L)的要求。