Application of Bacillus subtilis strain for microbial-enhanced oil recovery

In order to improve the oil recovery, injection of exogenous bacteria into the oil reservoir is one of the most widely used microbial flooding methods. In this study, a screened strain of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) was introduced to perform the microbial flooding. The biosurfactants produced by B. subtilis was one kind of cyclic lipopeptides, which could reduce the surface tension of the culture solution from 68 mN/m to 25 mN/m and also decrease the interfacial tension of water/oil from 25.6 to 4.6 mN/m. Emulsification tests indicated that the strain and the biosurfactants could degrade and emulsify the crude oil. In the oil displacement experiments, oil recovery was increased by 32.4% by injecting fermentation broth into the simulated formation. By respectively performing the emulsification and oil displacement tests, it was demonstrated that the biosurfactants and degradation of the microbes in the heavy components of the crude oil are the main factors to enhance the oil recovery. Besides, the optimal cultural temperature for strain of B. subtilis was set as 40°C. Nevertheless, the strain was inappropriate for the oil displacement under acidic conditions. In addition, the hydrophilic sands and an optimal culture solution volume of 0.7 pore volume (PV) would be in favor of the oil recovery. It was further confirmed that the efficiency of microbial flooding was much higher than that of the chemical oil displacement.     

Nitrous oxide emission by denitrifying phosphorus removal culture using polyhydroxyalkanoates as carbon source

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission has been reported to be enhanced during denitrification when internally-stored compounds are used as carbon sources. However, negligible N₂O emissions have been detected in the few studies where polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) were specifically used. This study investigated and compared the potential enhancement of N₂O production, based on utilization of an internally-stored polymer and external carbon (acetate) by a denitrifying phosphorus removal culture. Results indicated that at relatively low chemical oxygen demand-to-nitrogen (COD/N) ratios, more nitrite was reduced to N₂O in the presence of an external carbon source as compared to an internal carbon source (PHA). At relatively higher COD/N ratios, similar N₂O reduction rates were obtained in all cases regardless of the type of carbon source available. N₂O reduction rates were, however, generally higher in the presence of an internal carbon source. Results from the study imply that when the presence of an external carbon source is not sufficient to support denitrification, it is likely competitively utilized by different metabolic pathways of denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organisms (DPAOs) and other ordinary denitrifiers. This study also reveals that the consumption of PHA is potentially the rate-limiting step for N₂O reduction during denitrification.     

Effects of Ca(OH)2 assisted aluminum sulfate coagulation on the removal of humic acid and the formation potentials of tri-halomethanes and haloacetic acids in chlorination

The effects of addition of calcium hydroxide on aluminum sulphate(or alum) coagulation for removal of natural organic matter(NOM) and its subsequent effect on the formation potentials of two major types of regulated disinfection byproducts(DBPs),haloacetic acids(HAAs) and trihalomethanes(THMs),have been examined.The results revealed several noteworthy phenomena.At the optimal coagulation pH(i.e.6),the coagulation behavior of NOM water solutions versus alum dose,showed large variation and a consequent great change in the formation potentials of the DBPs at certain coagulant doses.However,with addition of a relatively small amount of Ca(OH) 2,although the zeta potential of coagulated flocs remained almost the same,NOM removal became more consistent with alum dose.Importantly,also the detrimental effect of charge reversal on NOM removal at the low coagulant dose disappeared.This resulted in a steady decrease in the formation potentials of DBPs as a function of the coagulant dose.Moreover,the addition of Ca(OH) 2 broadened the pH range of alum coagulation and promoted further reduction of the formation potentials of the DBPs.The enhancement effects of Ca(OH) 2 assisted alum coagulation are especially pronounced at pH 7 and 8.Finally,synchronous fluorescence spectra showed that the reduction in DBPs formation potential by Ca(OH) 2-assisted alum coagulation was connected to an enhanced removal of small hydrophobic and hydrophilic HA molecules.Ca(OH) 2-assistance of alum coagulation appeared to increase substantially the removal of the hydrophilic HA fraction responsible for HAAs formation,prompting further reduction of HAA formation potentials.     

系列混合碳源条件下颗粒化EBPR系统菌群结构变化规律研究

在SBR反应器中接种富含聚磷菌的活性污泥,采用一系列不同丙酸/乙酸比例混合的碳源进行EBPR系统污泥的颗粒化培养,并考察了颗粒化进程中的系统菌群结构变化,以及不同混合碳源条件对系统功能菌种竞争的影响.结果表明,污泥颗粒化过程对EBPR系统菌群结构产生了较大的筛选作用.原本在系统中占优势的一类Uncultured bacterium被迅速淘汰;Uncultured Rhodocyclaceae bacterium、部分Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis、部分Denitrifying bacterium、Acinetobacter及部分Uncultured alpha proteobacterium分别逐渐被淘汰.在各个成熟的颗粒化EBPR系统中,除磷微生物主要为Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium与Uncultured alpha proteobacterium.不同混合碳源条件培养的颗粒化EBPR系统菌群结构差异主要表现为Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis(聚糖菌)与Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium(聚磷菌)菌群数量的不同.混合碳源中乙酸比例的提高可造成颗粒化EBPR系统中Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis的增长,使系统的除磷效率下降.而碳源中丙酸比例相对较高的条件有利于Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium增长,从而有助于颗粒化EBPR系统维持较好的除磷效率.     

苯酚、苯胺对吸附胶束絮凝过程的影响

吸附胶束絮凝(AMF)法可用于去除水体中的各种污染物,为了对其处理过程中的行为加以控制,以阴离子表面活性剂SDS和铝盐为模型,通过Zeta电位、表面张力和平均粒度等分析方法,研究了吸附胶束絮凝法对苯酚、苯胺的分离去除及苯酚、苯胺对其吸附胶束絮凝过程的影响。结果表明:苯酚的存在没有对表面活性剂胶束的絮凝产生明显的影响,由于Al3+的存在,推测苯酚以络合物的形式吸附在胶束的斯特恩层,并可通过铝盐对胶束的絮凝而与水相分离去除,其去除率在40%~50%左右。而极少量的极性有机物苯胺可使表面活性剂胶束的絮凝发生较大改变,推测苯胺的存在抑制了絮凝胶团的形成。当苯胺浓度低于100 mg/L时,苯胺的去除率可达90%左右。该研究为胶束絮凝分离溶解性有机物提供了实验参考。     

利用污泥残渣制备生物絮凝剂及其絮凝机理的探讨

考察了由污泥残渣制备生物絮凝剂的条件,同时对其絮凝机理进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,絮凝剂的最佳制备条件为:污泥残渣浓度100 g/L,处理方式为水洗,水洗次数为3次。该絮凝剂具有良好的热稳定性和pH稳定性,储存100 d内,絮凝剂的絮凝活性均保持在94%以上;对其成分分析的测定结果表明该絮凝剂的主要成分为多糖类物质;絮凝剂与高岭土颗粒之间通过离子键结合;利用扫描电镜观察絮体形态,发现其结构密实,有利于絮体沉降。推测其絮凝机理为絮凝剂和高岭土之间首先以离子键结合,然后通过吸附架桥作用絮凝沉淀。     

A/O工艺结合化学沉淀法处理城市河道水的研究

试验采用强化脱氮的A/O工艺对具有我国南部城市河道水典型特征的深圳布吉河道水进行处理,通过添加外碳源(甲醇)提高TN去除效果,并向二沉池出水添加PAC(聚合氯化铝)进行混凝沉淀以降低TP和SS。试验结果表明,单独采用A/O工艺处理河道水,二沉池的出水COD达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准,TN达到二级标准,TP和SS不达标。通过向缺氧段添加甲醇调节C/N可有效降低出水TN,比较C/N分别为2、4、6时的水处理效果,当C/N=4时的二沉池出水TN即可达到一级标准,且C/N=4时的性价比最佳。二沉池出水如再经PAC化学沉淀后,TP、SS均可达到一级标准,TN和COD也较化学沉淀前有所下降。通过添加外碳源强化脱氮的A/O工艺结合化学沉淀法是一种高效、易于维护和管理的河道水异地处理方法。     

两种造纸废水的生化前预处理实验研究

造纸废水可生化性差,处理困难,对其进行生化前预处理具有重要意义。采用无机高分子混凝剂和有机混凝剂联合处理,有助于提高混凝效果。实验研究了两种造纸废水混凝处理的影响因素和处理效果,在实验室条件下进行了单因素实验分析,确定了最佳投药量,得到的结果分别是:卫生纸车间废水为聚合氯化铝(PAC)75 mg/L,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)0.075 mg/L;板纸车间废水为聚合氯化铝(PAC)350 mg/L,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)0.125 mg/L。在此工况下,卫生纸车间废水COD的去除率达到了62.12%,色度去除率达到92.12%,SS去除率达到了95.36%;板纸车间废水COD的去除率达到了44.03%,最佳色度去除率达到90.25%,SS去除率达到93.18%。提高了废水的可生化性,为后续生物处理创造了条件。     

丝状菌污泥致密过程的强化条件研究

利用强化条件促使丝状菌污泥致密,是控制丝状菌污泥膨胀的一种新途径.分别采用提高溶解氧、加大表面流体流速、增加进水钙离子浓度、延长饥饿时间等方法从污泥的沉降性能方面探讨了丝状菌污泥在何时致密及怎样致密等问题.结果表明,加大表面气体流速能够短期内改善污泥的沉降性能,并且形成丝状菌颗粒污泥,污泥的SVI从膨胀时的800 mL/g降低为350 mL/g,但长期作用不明显,SVI在保持了一段时间较低值后,再次升高到800 mL/g以上.增加进水钙离子浓度能够通过形成簇状污泥群落来提高污泥的沉降性能,SVI值逐渐降低到300 mL/g,但是没有形成丝状菌颗粒.提高溶解氧和延长曝气时间在改善污泥沉降性能和丝状菌颗粒化两方面皆无明显效果,污泥的SVI并没有降低.另外,通过研究网眼椭圆度与污泥SVI的关系,发现具有高椭圆度(椭圆度O约为1.5)的成簇生长丝状菌菌群,能够改善污泥沉降性能.浸泡实验发现酸性条件对菌丝的凝聚具有破坏作用,碱性条件和二价阳离子对其影响不显著.     

难降解混合化工废水预处理试验研究

对某化工开发区混合化工废水进行预处理试验研究，分别对铁还原后加中和混凝沉淀以及直接中和混凝沉淀两种预处理方法进行了试验，重点讨论了铁还原工艺的各种影响因素。研究了曝气与不曝气，加炭与不加炭以及不同CODCr、不同pH值对铁还原处理效果的影响，并考察了铁的消耗与废水中铁离子的作用及变化情况。