A Comparison of the Short-Term Dynamics of Soil “Damage” Due to Enhanced Nitrogen Deposition As Ammonium Sulphate Or Nitric Acid

An experiment has been conducted to contrast the effects of enhanced oxidised and reduced nitrogen deposition upon key chemical parameters in a Calluna moorland podzol. A 40 cm deep podzol profile, derived from granite, was reconstructed in one hundred 4.2 cm diameter cores. for 20 weeks, the cores were subjected twice weekly to simulated rainfall containing either twice ambient nitrogen deposition in Aberdeen, or further enhanced nitrogen (further 2- and 6-fold increases) as nitric acid or ammonium sulphate. to quantify the dynamics of soil change in each horizon, randomly selected cores were destructively analysed every two weeks and the soils analysed. Increased nitrogen inputs, regardless of form, substantially and immediately reduced surface soil pH_water via the mobile anion or salt effect. for the higher nitrogen treatments, the pH reduction was seen throughout the profile. Longer term soil acidification was also seen in the pH_{calcium chloride} results over the 20 weeks. at a given nitrogen deposition rate, the effects of ammonium sulphate and nitric acid on soil pH_{calcium chloride} were similar. the ammonium sulphate treatments were especially effective at reducing base saturation throughout much of the profile, the direct base cation leaching being associated with substantial ammonium accumulation. the results suggest that the direct base cation leaching caused by ammonium deposition needs to be considered when assessing atmospheric pollution “damage” to heathland soils.     

UV-B增强对土壤-大豆系统CO2排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定CO2排放通量,研究了人工模拟UV-B辐射增强对土壤-大豆系统CO2排放的影响.结果表明,在相同的气象条件和田间管理下,UV-B辐射增强对CO2排放的季节变化模式无明显影响.在植株结荚前,UV-B增强对CO2排放通量没有显著影响,但从植株结荚到成熟,CO2排放通量显著降低,2004和2006年分别降低了49.03%和48.13%;并显著降低了整个生育期的CO2累积排放量,2004和2006年分别降低了43.26%和44.79%.收割实验表明,在分枝开花期,UV-B增强降低了土壤CO2排放,但对植株地上部分的CO2排放没有明显影响;从结荚到成熟,UV-B增强主要通过降低植株地上部分CO2排放通量来降低土壤-大豆系统的CO2排放.UV-B辐射增强降低了大豆生态系统碳固定量,在分枝开花-结荚阶段的固定碳量减少了352.73g/m2CO2,在结荚-鼓粒阶段固定碳量减少了1456.25g/m2CO2.     

职业病危害预评价中某调漆间防护设施的分析与评价

建设项目职业病危害预评价以职业病危害因素的识别和分析为基础,重点对职业病防护设施设置的符合性和有效性进行分析和评价。以某调漆间职业病危害预评价为例,对调漆间可能存在的职业病危害因素进行了识别和分析,通过检查表法对职业病防护设施设置的符合性进行了分析和评价;在防护设施设置符合性分析与评价的基础上,逐一对职业接触限值、控制风速等职业病防护设施有效性评价指标进行了分析与评价,并提出了在调漆操作位应设置吹吸式通风装置或通风柜的建议。     

Effect of chemical dose on phosphorus removal and membrane fouling control in a UCT-MBR

Phosphorus removal was enhanced effectively by dosing aluminum sulfate and effluent phosphorus concentration was lower than 0.5 mg/L. Sludge activity was not inhibited but improved slightly with addition of aluminum sulfate. EPS concentrations both in mixed liquid and on membrane surface were decreased, contributing to the effective mitigation of membrane fouling. To enhance phosphorus removal and make the effluent meet the strict discharge level of total phosphorus (TP, 0.5 mg/L), flocculant dosing is frequently applied. In this study, the performance of aluminum sulfate dosing in a University of Cape Town Membrane Bioreactor (UCT-MBR) was investigated, in terms of the nutrients removal performance, sludge characteristics and membrane fouling. The results indicated that the addition of aluminum sulfate into the aerobic reactor continuously had significantly enhanced phosphorus removal. Moreover, COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal were not affected and effluent all met the first level A criteria of GB18918-2002. In addition, the addition of aluminum sulfate had improved the sludge activity slightly and reduced trans-membrane pressure (TMP) increase rate from 1.13 KPa/d to 0.57 KPa/d effectively. The membrane fouling was alleviated attributed to the increased average particle sizes and the decreased accumulation of the small sludge particles on membrane surface. Furthermore, the decline of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) concentration in mixed sludge liquid decreased its accumulation on membrane surface, resulting in the mitigation of membrane fouling directly.     

淀粉改性混凝剂复合硅酸盐对微污染水强化混凝性能研究

传统混凝工艺对微污染地表水净化效果有限,此外,近年来淀粉等天然高分子混凝剂由于绿色环保等特点而备受关注.本研究采用一种阳离子改性淀粉材料(淀粉-3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵,St-CTA)为混凝剂,分别与实验室自制的聚硅酸(PSA)及聚硅酸钛锌(PSTZ)进行复合强化混凝,应用于处理微污染水体.首先以高岭土-腐殖酸(HA)混合液为模拟水样,基于表观混凝性能、絮体特征及混凝后上清液ζ电位等,详细考察了强化混凝工艺的净水效果及混凝机制.结果表明,St-CTA分别复合两种不同硅酸盐的强化混凝工艺均对模拟水样具有良好的净水效果;St-CTA与PSTZ复合优于其与PSA组合工艺的混凝性能,且St-CTA/PSTZ复合工艺能缓解St-CTA过量引起的再稳定效应,具有较宽的有效混凝范围.St-CTA通过电中和作用与污染物结合,可有效压缩表面双电层;而带正电性的PSTZ,相比于负电性的 PSA,不仅具有粘结架桥强化效应,还具有电中和作用,且与HA可形成Zn-HA复合物,实现高效净水效果.除模拟水样外,还考察了两种强化混凝工艺对实际微污染地表水的混凝效果,其均表现出良好的混凝性能,有效弥补单一混凝剂对有机微污染水体混凝效率较低的不足,进一步证实了该强化混凝工艺的有效性.此外,与处理模拟水样效果一致,St-CTA复合PSTZ的净化效果更佳,但PSA具有更低的应用成本.本研究提供了一种绿色环保的强化混凝工艺,可有效净化微污染水体,具有良好的应用前景.     

胞外聚合物在生物膜同步去除/富集磷酸盐系统中的作用

以基于同步去除/富集磷酸盐的厌氧/好氧交替生物膜序批式反应器内生物膜为研究对象,研究了胞外聚合物（EPS）内磷含量形态及生物膜内微生物种群变化,探究EPS在生物膜去除/富集磷酸盐中的作用及其与微生物种群之间的联系.结果表明,生物膜反应器在厌氧外加COD为200 mg·L^-1的条件下富集到了磷浓度为120.95 mg·L^-1的富集液.EPS在生物膜吸/释磷过程中发挥重要作用,EPS磷含量占生物膜磷含量的69.16%~79.00%,³¹P核磁共振实验表明ortho-P为EPS内主要磷形态,占比为85.47%~88.60%.高通量测序结果表明生物膜内微生物种群变化明显,Candidatus_Competibacter为优势菌属,其丰度由1.23%增至38.87%,有利于形成更具粘性的EPS进而黏附在生物膜上,可能促进EPS在吸/释磷中发挥作用;暖绳菌科为优势聚磷菌,随实验温度升高,其丰度由5.29%减至4.90%.     

Short-term effect of temperature variation on the competition between PAOs and GAOs during acclimation period of an EBPR system

Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes was used to investigate the impact of the temperature shock on the competition between phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) in start-up stage. During the 34 days operation, SBR was set with temperature variation(0–5 d, 22±1°C; 6–13 d, 29±1°C; 14–34 d, 14±1°C). PAOs and GAOs were analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and intracellular polyphosphate granules were stained by Neisser-stain. The results showed that the influence of temperature shock on PAOs’ abundance was more serious than that on GAOs in the enriching process. Under sudden and substantially temperature variation, from 22±1°C to 29±1°C and then to 14±1°C, the domination of PAOs was deteriorated. After temperature shock, PAOs’ competitive advantages at low temperature that concluded in other study did not appear in our study. As mesophilic, GAOs (indicated by Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria) were more temperature adaptive and better grew and took the domination at 14±1°C in the end. In the competition process, organisms of tetrad forming organisms (TFOs)-like shape which were considered as typical GAOs, were observed. With the evidence of poly-P granules containing by Neisser-straining and result of FISH, these organisms of TFOs-like shape were better to be assumed as adaption state or a special self-protecting shape of PAOs.     

一株香蒲根际土壤脱氮菌株的脱氮特性及鉴定

从南四湖人工湿地植物香蒲根际土壤中分离得到一株反硝化XP1菌株,对其生态影响因子、反硝化能力、生长曲线进行了研究,并在实验室条件下利用菌株XP1反植于湿地植物香蒲根际土壤,考察对香蒲的强化脱氮作用.结果表明,XP1菌株反硝化作用的最佳碳源为柠檬酸钠;在pH值为7.0~9.0范围内有良好的脱氮效果,最佳pH值为8.0;最佳碳源与氮源比为7;最佳初始氮浓度为30mg/L.XP1菌株8h后进入指数增长期,最终总氮去除率可达90%以上.用该菌株强化香蒲脱氮,对于强化湿地脱氮工艺中亚硝酸盐的去除起主要作用,在相同条件下总氮去除率由46%提高到90%以上,强化脱氮作用明显,有良好的实际应用前景.通过形态观察,XP1菌株为短杆状革兰氏阴性菌,大小约(0.25~0.3)′(0.6~0.8)mm;经16S rRNA基因测序、系统发育树分析,XP1菌株为类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.).     

臭氧光催化降解地下水中天然有机物的研究

在现场开展了中试规模的臭氧光催化降解天然有机物的研究.研究表明,对大分子天然有机物占很大比例且重碳酸盐含量较高的地下水,臭氧投加量10 mg/L和反应时间10 min条件下,TOC的去除率不到20%,但UV254和三卤甲烷生成潜力(THMFP)去除率分别达到近60%和33.5%.臭氧光催化与活性炭吸附相连,能显著提高UV254的THMFP的去除率,但TOC去除率并不明显高于单独活性炭吸附.臭氧光催化使大分子有机物转化为小分子有机物,后者在活性炭上的吸附性提高且生化性改善,可望在生物活性炭上更有效地去除.