Group histories and offspring sex ratios in ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Birth sex ratios were examined for ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Duke University Primate Center. This population provides a long-term database of births under a variety of demographic and management conditions, including two semi-freeranging groups between which males transfer freely and females defend stable territorial boundaries. We examined three hypotheses usually considered in studies of primate sex ratio bias. The Trivers-Willard hypothesis predicts that dominant females produce males, local resource competition at the population level (LRC-population) predicts that the dispersing sex (males) will be overproduced in dense populations, and local resource competition among individuals (LRC-individual) predicts that dominant females overproduce the philopatric sex (females). We also examined a fourth hypothesis, local resource enhancement (LRE), which is usually subsumed under LRC-individual in studies of primate sex ratio evolution. LRE predicts that under certain conditions, females will produce the sex that provides later cooperative benefits, such as alliance support for within- or between-group competition. Our data provide support for LRE: females overproduce daughters given prospects of new group formation, either through group fission or threatened expulsion of young mothers. Behavioral data from Duke and also wild populations show that daughters serve mothers as important allies in this context and LRE effects also have been documented in other mammals that experience similar group histories. Nonsignificant trends in the data supported the LRC-population hypothesis, and we suggest that LRC interacts with LRE to explain offspring sex ratios in ringtailed lemurs. Received: 27 August 1999 / Received in revised form: 6 March 2000 / Accepted: 18 March 2000     

TiO2纳米管催化活性再生处理技术

采用H2O2、Fe2（SO4）3和Fenton溶液对失活的TiO2纳米管进行再生处理,重点考察了3种溶液的浓度和处理时间等对再生效果的影响,初步分析了经处理后TiO2纳米管催化活性得到再生或增强的机理。结果表明,经H2O2溶液处理后TiO2催化活性能得到有效再生,经Fe2（SO4）3,和Fenton溶液处理后其催化活性不仅得到再生,还能显著增强,这与H2O2和Fenton的强氧化作用,及进入TiO2纳米管的Fe3＋的阻止电子．空穴对再复合作用有关。     

可靠性强化试验的机理探析

概括地介绍了可靠性强化试验,分析了可靠性强化试验的理论基础以及两类强化模型——Arrhenius模型和Miner标准模型,研究了可靠性强化试验的机理,并分析了各种试验应力（包括高低温、温度循环、振动、湿度和综合应力）与诱发故障模式之间的关系。     

曝气生物滤池铝盐化学强化与生物协同除磷

为了解投加铝盐后曝气生物滤池的除磷效果及其对去碳、硝化功能和生物膜、生物相的影响,通过同步比较在投加药剂和不投加药剂情况下小试曝气生物滤池的净化效果和生物膜结构特征、生物相组成.结果表明,当反应器水力负荷和进水总磷(TP)负荷分别为1.3m3·m-2·h-1和0.12～0.13 kg·m-3·d-1时,TP的去除随铝盐投加量的增加而增加,但并不成正比例增加.投加铝盐后TP去除率可提高70%～86%.当投加系数≤1.5时,适当加大气水比有利于除磷,但当投加系数≥1.75时,加大气水比对TP的去除没有影响.当气水比为(3～5):1、投加系数≥1.75时,曝气生物滤池出水TP＜0.5 mg·L-1;若气水比增加到7:1时,投加系数可进一步降低至1.5.投加铝盐对浊度、COD去除的贡献率分别只有4%～7%和5%～13%,而对氨氮的去除影响甚微.投加铝盐后反应器进水端陶粒表面发现大量网状絮体,出水端却较少.投加铝盐对生物膜中微生物的种类和数量的影响很小.     

复合垂直流人工湿地的生物强化技术研究

应用复合微生物菌剂和菖蒲对复合垂直流人工湿地系统进行生物强化研究,探讨其能否提高系统的处理效果。将该系统在无强化、复合微生物菌剂强化和植物及复合微生物菌剂同步强化3种工况下的试验处理效果进行比较,发现植物及复合微生物菌剂同步强化工况下的系统处理能力有显著提高,COD和TP出水浓度达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准,NH+4-N出水浓度达到二级A排放标准。     

广州城区黑碳气溶胶吸光增强特性研究

本研究运用最小相关系数法（MRS）,使用元素碳（EC）作为示踪物,得到一次排放的质量吸光效率（MAE_p）,结合黑碳仪（AE33）和有机碳/元素碳分析仪获得实测的质量吸光效率MAE_t,进而通过MAE_t/MAE_p的比值得出吸光增强系数（E_abs）.采样站点位于广州市城区暨南大学大气超级监测站,采样时间涵盖了干季（2019年1月26日~3月31日）和湿季（2018年5月1日~7月31日）.对广州市城区的黑碳气溶胶及其光学特征进行分析,EC在干季的平均浓度（1.93±1.38）μgC/m³高于湿季（1.46±0.75）μgC/m³,而E_abs520在干季的均值（1.26±0.34）低于湿季（1.63±0.55）.E_abs520在干湿季的日变化差异明显,但有机碳（OC）、EC、OC/EC、波长指数（AAE_470-660）均为干季高于湿季.分析发现气溶胶负载补偿参数k值与E_abs520在湿季呈现出较好的相关性,而在干季相关性较差,可能与生物质燃烧的影响有关;探讨了O₃、NO₂和SOC/OC对E_abs520的影响,在干季O₃与E_abs520的相关性较差（R²=0.21）,在湿季较好（R²=0.46）,SOC/OC却展现出了相反的关系,而NO₂在干季和湿季与E_abs520的相关性都较差（R²=0.01）,并发现温度对E_abs520存在一定的影响.通过后向轨迹聚类分析发现,长距离传输气团的的黑碳E_abs520值较高.     

Impact of carbon-based nutrient enhancement on biofiltration performance for drinking water treatment

Incorporation of a carbon-based nutrient enhancement strategy for drinking water biofiltration is an attractive option, especially for source waters which contain recalcitrant organics. This study compared biofilters that were operated in parallel and individually enhanced with amino acids (including alanine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan), inulin, and sucrose to increase biomass concentration and promote biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the source water, including disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors. Biomass activity was characterized by measuring adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption, and through the use of laccase and esterase enzyme assays. Performance was evaluated in terms of headloss, turbidity, pH, DOC, UV₂₅₄, and DBP formation potential (DBP FP). The introduction of carbon-based nutrients significantly increased biomass activity, where ATP values peaked at 976?ng/g of filter media, 853?ng/g, and 513?ng/g for amino acids, inulin, and sucrose-spiked biofilters, respectively, while a non-spiked control only reached 104?ng/g. DO utilization by the enhanced biofilters was significantly higher than the control, with a strong correlation between ATP and DO uptake observed for all filters (R²?>?0.74). Laccase and esterase enzyme activities of enhanced biofilters were also elevated (p?> 0.05), suggesting greater biodegradation potential. Operational parameters such as headloss development and turbidity control were not impaired by carbon supplementation strategies or an increase in biomass concentration and activity. However, the enhancement strategy did not provide improvement in terms of source water carbon removal (DOC and UV₂₅₄) or DBP FP when treated filters were compared to a control.     

电液舵机系统的可靠性强化试验方案设计

以电液舵机为研究对象,根据其自身特点建立故障树,以得到系统的薄弱环节及主要故障模式。通过分析得到电液舵机系统的敏感应力,对可靠性强化试验应用于此类机电液一体化的产品进行了可行性分析,并设计了适用于电液舵机系统的可靠性强化试验方案。     

先进增强结构在航空装备应用的腐蚀防护进展研究

综述了先进增强结构在航空装备应用过程中的腐蚀防护。结合先进增强结构金属-复合两种异种材料胶接结构形式,在先进增强结构腐蚀防护国内外研究基础上,从胶接技术、腐蚀防护体系设计、防腐蚀密封设计及试验验证等技术方面综述了先进增强结构腐蚀防护研究方向,目的在于加强腐蚀环境下先进增强结构的腐蚀防护探索研究,提高结构防腐蚀性能,加快工程化应用程度。     

辐射板强化喷管换热与红外抑制效果试验研究

试验研究了在发动机喷管中加装金属辐射板前后,喷管壁面温度、热喷流温度与喷管红外辐射特征的变化。结果表明,加装金属辐射板后,热喷流与喷管壁面之间的热量传递显著增强,热喷流中心温度降低,壁面温度明显升高,在90°方向上,热喷流3～5μm波段的红外辐射强度降低了38.5%。文中从热喷流、喷管壁面以及金属辐射板等相关部件的温度变化情况对红外辐射强度的变化原因进行了解释。 