放射性污染植物修复技术田间试验及前景分析

概括了放射性污染的植物修复技术田间应用研究状况,总结分析了放射性核素的生物可利用性及超富集植物筛选等因素对田间植物修复效果的影响。推导建立了保守清除模型,估算出植物修复的数十年的修复应用时间;结合环境治理的需求,分析了放射性污染的植物修复应用前景。     

粉煤灰不同配比基质对黑麦草生长的影响

粉煤灰是燃煤电厂排出的固体废弃物,主要成分有SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,CaO等。采用盆栽试验将粉煤灰分别与粘土、砂土、秸秆按3:1的比例混合作为基质种植黑麦草,并用纯粉煤灰基质做对照,研究黑麦草在粉煤灰不同配比基质上的生长状况,结果表明,粉煤灰+粘土为黑麦草的最佳生长基质。     

污染源在线监控系统的性能测试及对比试验分析与研究

近年来,为加强对污染源的执法监管,加大对污染源的监控力度,进一步促进企业达标排放和节能减排,推动环境质量的不断改善,许多城市都在企业普及安装了在线监控系统。要保证在线监控系统的运行效果,关键在于通过合理的方法,严把验收关,科学进行监控系统的性能测试以及在线监控数据与人工监测数据的对比分析和验证,以确保在线监测数据的准确性和有效性,充分发挥在线监控系统在环境管理中的作用。加强在线监控系统维护管理,定期或不定期进行性能测试和对比试验分析,能够确保在线监测数据的质量。     

水质氨氮AQC实验的探讨

环境监测质量保证包括环境监测全过程的质量管理和措施,实验室质量控制是环境监测质量保证的重要组成部分。质量控制的目的是将分析误差控制在容许限度内,以保证数据（检验结果）在给定的置信水平内达到要求的质量。实验室质量控制包括实验室内的质量控制（内部质量控制）和实验室间的质量控制（外部质量控制）。精密度偏性实验（AQC实验）是对一组样品的连续多日测试,将所得测试结果进行统计分析,检查试验是否存在影响测试结果的偏性,其目的是确定实验室测试结果的精密度和准确度,是环境监测实验员培训工具之一。     

Rapid assessment of insect pollination services to inform decision-making

Pollinator declines have prompted efforts to assess how land-use change affects insect pollinators and pollination services in agricultural landscapes. Yet many tools to measure insect pollination services require substantial landscape-scale data and technical expertise. In expert workshops, 3 straightforward methods (desk-based method, field survey, and empirical manipulation with exclusion experiments) for rapid insect pollination assessment at site scale were developed to provide an adaptable framework that is accessible to nonspecialist with limited resources. These methods were designed for TESSA (Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-Based Assessment) and allow comparative assessment of pollination services at a site of conservation interest and in its most plausible alternative state (e.g., converted to agricultural land). We applied the methods at a nature reserve in the United Kingdom to estimate the value of insect pollination services provided by the reserve. The economic value of pollination services provided by the reserve ranged from US$6163 to US$11,546/year. The conversion of the reserve to arable land would provide no insect pollination services and a net annual benefit from insect-pollinated crop production of approximately $1542/year (US$24∙ha^–1∙year^–1). The methods had wide applicability and were readily adapted to different insect-pollinated crops: rape (Brassica napus) and beans (Vicia faba) crops. All methods were rapidly employed under a low budget. The relatively less robust methods that required fewer resources yielded higher estimates of annual insect pollination benefit.     

加速退化试验方案优化问题经验参数估计方法

加速退化试验需要开展多组试验,投放多个试验样品,应力值的选取和样本量的投放以及截尾时间或截尾数的确定直接影响了加速退化试验的效率和质量,加速退化试验的最优设计问题成为试验方案设计的关键因素。在开展试验方案优化分析时,必须知道退化函数,而开展加速退化试验的目的就是估算退化函数中的未知参数,如何事先估计退化函数中未知参数的大致分布情况成为解决这一矛盾的关键。本文给出了一种基于可靠性预计的加速退化试验方案优化问题经验参数粗略估计方法,为解决这一问题提供了参考。     

分组互动教学在环境综合实验课程中的应用

高职高专院校主要培养"实践型"人才,而非"学术型"人才,但在传统的实验教学中存在验证性实验多,而综合性、设计性实验少的现象,不利于培养学生积极探索、合作交流、创造性解决问题的能力。分组互动教学具有调动学生的学习积极性,增强合作与竞争意识,培养独立思考与团队精神,提高实践能力等优点。因此有必要在环境综合实验教学采用分组互动教学法,将不同层次的学生均衡地分布在各个小组中,使学生由被动接受变为主动参与,教师由过去的"主讲"变为"主导",充分调动学生的动脑、动口、动手能力。     

关于内部水汽含量测试结果的影响因素研究

采用正交试验法,研究分析影响内部水汽含量测试结果的因素,确定了主要影响因素及各个因素的影响强弱。根据研究结果改进内部气氛分析试验条件,提高了试验结果的准确性。     

采出水结垢机理及趋势预测研究

为了探究采出水结垢机理,预测结垢趋势,以便进一步采取防垢措施.从水中离子组成、热力学条件变化、结晶吸附等方面,分析了采出水结垢机理及其影响因素,介绍了国内外常用的结垢预测方法、结垢量预测方程及结垢预测的模拟实验,并对结垢预测方法和模拟实验的优缺点进行了对比分析.最后对结垢预测方法的发展及模拟实验的优化提出了展望,结垢预测应结合油田具体实际,考虑多方面因素;结垢趋势预测方法应更准确,应用更广泛,适用性更强.     

Biodegradation of hydrocarbons vapors: Comparison of laboratory studies and field investigations in the vadose zone at the emplaced fuel source experiment, Airbase Vaerløse, Denmark

The natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the unsaturated zone can only be predicted when information about microbial biodegradation rates and kinetics are known. This study aimed at determining first-order rate coefficients for the aerobic biodegradation of 13 volatile petroleum hydrocarbons which were artificially emplaced as a liquid mixture during a field experiment in an unsaturated sandy soil. Apparent first-order biodegradation rate coefficients were estimated by comparing the spatial evolution of the resulting vapor plumes to an analytical reactive transport model. Two independent reactive numerical model approaches have been used to simulate the diffusive migration of VOC vapors and to estimate degradation rate coefficients. Supplementary laboratory column and microcosm experiments were performed with the sandy soil at room temperature under aerobic conditions. First-order kinetics adequately matched the lab column profiles for most of the compounds. Consistent compound-specific apparent first-order rate coefficients were obtained by the three models and the lab column experiment, except for benzene. Laboratory microcosm experiments lacked of sensitivity for slowly degrading compounds and underestimated degradation rates by up to a factor of 5. Addition of NH3 vapor was shown to increase the degradation rates for some VOCs in the laboratory microcosms. All field models suggested a significantly higher degradation rate for benzene than the rates measured in the lab, suggesting that the field microbial community was superior in developing benzene degrading activity.