Evaluation of CFD Simulation using RANS Turbulence Models for Building Effects on Pollutant Dispersion

CFD evaluations were performed to examine the applicability of the RANS methods in simulating pollutant dispersion near, within and over three typical building configurations: (1) an isolated building, (2) a building array and (3) an urban intersection. The CFD results are compared with values obtained from wind tunnel tests. In some situations major differences between the wind tunnel tests and the CFD results were observed. The main source of difference between the CFD and wind tunnel results was inadequate modelling of local flow patterns using the RANS turbulence models. Also inappropriate evaluation of high intermittent turbulent mixing in the RANS approach may lead to either over-prediction or under-prediction of the concentration level, by up to a factor of 10, depending on the case investigated.     

水葫芦压榨液厌氧发酵及其发酵液对青菜种子发芽和生长的影响

研究了水葫芦压榨液厌氧发酵过程物质的变化,分析了水葫芦压榨液的发酵液(简称发酵液)对青菜种子发芽及后续生长的影响.结果表明,厌氧发酵能显著降低压榨液中的COD,在厌氧发酵结束时,COD从5 377.0mg/L下降到730.0mg/L,下降86.4%;TN从126.6 mg/L下降到79.7 mg/L,氮素流失37.0%,且主要发生在厌氧发酵初期;TP从31.1 mg/L下降到25.0 mg/L,下降19.6%;发酵液中悬浮物(SS)和可溶性固体(DS)分别下降到719、600 mg/L.分别用蒸馏水、水葫芦压榨液和各阶段的发酵液(发酵时间分别为6、20、27、30 d)进行青菜种子发芽试验(历时10 d),平均发芽率分别达到79%、54%、51%、82%、87%、89%.在10 d的青菜苗生长时间内,平均苗高与发酵时间呈显著正相关,说明发酵液具有作为植物液体肥料使用的潜力.     

Impact of varying soil structure on transport processes in different diagnostic horizons of three soil types

When soil structure varies in different soil types and the horizons of these soil types, it has a significant impact on water flow and contaminant transport in soils. This paper focuses on the effect of soil structure variations on the transport of pesticides in the soil above the water table. Transport of a pesticide (chlorotoluron) initially applied on soil columns taken from various horizons of three different soil types (Haplic Luvisol, Greyic Phaeozem and Haplic Cambisol) was studied using two scenarios of ponding infiltration. The highest infiltration rate and pesticide mobility were observed for the Bt₁ horizon of Haplic Luvisol that exhibited a well-developed prismatic structure. The lowest infiltration rate was measured for the Bw horizon of Haplic Cambisol, which had a poorly developed soil structure and a low fraction of large capillary pores and gravitational pores. Water infiltration rates were reduced during the experiments by a soil structure breakdown, swelling of clay and/or air entrapped in soil samples. The largest soil structure breakdown and infiltration decrease was observed for the Ap horizon of Haplic Luvisol due to the low aggregate stability of the initially well-aggregated soil. Single-porosity and dual-permeability (with matrix and macropore domains) flow models in HYDRUS-1D were used to estimate soil hydraulic parameters via numerical inversion using data from the first infiltration experiment. A fraction of the macropore domain in the dual-permeability model was estimated using the micro-morphological images. Final soil hydraulic parameters determined using the single-porosity and dual-permeability models were subsequently used to optimize solute transport parameters. To improve numerical inversion results, the two-site sorption model was also applied. Although structural changes observed during the experiment affected water flow and solute transport, the dual-permeability model together with the two-site sorption model proved to be able to approximate experimental data.     

Application of continuous time random walk theory to nonequilibrium transport in soil

Continuous time random walk (CTRW) formulations have been demonstrated to provide a general and effective approach that quantifies the behavior of solute transport in heterogeneous media in field, laboratory, and numerical experiments. In this paper we first apply the CTRW approach to describe the sorbing solute transport in soils under chemical (or) and physical nonequilibrium conditions by curve-fitting. Results show that the theoretical solutions are in a good agreement with the experimental measurements. In case that CTRW parameters cannot be determined directly or easily, an alternative method is then proposed for estimating such parameters independently of the breakthrough curve data to be simulated. We conduct numerical experiments with artificial data sets generated by the HYDRUS-1D model for a wide range of pore water velocities (υ) and retardation factors (R) to investigate the relationship between CTRW parameters for a sorbing solute and these two quantities (υ, R) that can be directly measured in independent experiments. A series of best-fitting regression equations are then developed from the artificial data sets, which can be easily used as an estimation or prediction model to assess the transport of sorbing solutes under steady flow conditions through soil. Several literature data sets of pesticides are used to validate these relationships. The results show reasonable performance in most cases, thus indicating that our method could provide an alternative way to effectively predict sorbing solute transport in soils. While the regression relationships presented are obtained under certain flow and sorption conditions, the methodology of our study is general and may be extended to predict solute transport in soils under different flow and sorption conditions.     

扩体错流式生物滴滤床净化甲苯废气

采用自行设计制作的扩体错流式生物滴滤床,以甲苯为目标污染物、陶粒为填料、恶臭假单胞菌为菌源进行实验,研究了扩体错流式生物滴滤床的挂膜启动情况、甲苯进口浓度、停留时间对净化效率的影响.结果表明:(1)环境温度为17～23℃,扩体错流式生物滴滤床在10 d内完成挂膜启动,比传统生物滴滤床缩短了4 d.(2)甲苯净化效率随进口浓度的增加而逐渐下降.当甲苯进口质量浓度为1 100 mg/m~3时,净化效率为95%;当甲苯进口质量浓度维持在1 100～1 200 mg/m~3时,随停留时间的缩短,甲苯净化效率下降.(3)当停留时间分别为94、63、48 s时,甲苯净化效率分别为87%～92%、70%～74%、60%～62%.     

Estimating the population size with a behavioral response in capture-recapture experiment

A new estimating procedure is suggested to estimate the population size in a capture-recapture experiment. The capture intensities for first-capture and recapture are allowed to be different and time dependent but they are assumed to be proportional. It is shown that the information on the proportionality constant is crucial to the estimation of the population size. Sensitivity analysis with a misspecification of the proportionality constant is conducted. The method has also been extended to the case with an unknown proportionality. A real example is given.     

中国可持续农业和农村发展试验示范区的建设

资源相对短缺、环境污染、农业生态环境总体形势较为严峻和人口不断增加等是制约我国农业与农村可持续发展的主要限制因子。为探索一条适合我国国情的农业与农村持续发展的道路，“八五”期间，结合不同地区的生态类型和经济特征，在全国29个地、县进行了农业与农村可持续发展的示范区建设。本文介绍了试验示范区建设的内容及特点。     

以就业为导向的高职高专数学课程改革之实验课探究

本文就“以就业为导向的高职高专数学课程的改革与实践”的子课题—数学实验课程进行探究,对高职高专数学实验课程教学的意义和目的、模式和原则、任务和设计,进行了阐述。     

Dynamics of Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass in Alluvial Soil With Tillage and Amendments in Rice-wheat Systems

Rice-wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) occupying 12 million ha of productive land are important for the food security of South Asia. There are, however, concerns that yield and factor productivity trends in these systems are declining/stagnating in recent years. Decrease in soil organic carbon is often suggested as a reason for such trends. A field experiment was conducted to study the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) dynamics in the rice-wheat systems. Use of organic amendments and puddling of soil before rice transplanting increased SOC and MBC contents. Microbial biomass carbon showed a seasonal pattern. It was low initially, reached its peak during the flowering stages in both rice and wheat and declined thereafter. Microbial biomass carbon was linearly related to SOC in both rice and wheat indicating that SOC could be used as a proxy for MBC.