Photocatalytic bacterial inactivation by polyoxometalates

The photocatalytic inactivation (PCI) of Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) was performed using polyoxometalate (POM) as a homogeneous photocatalyst and compared with that of heterogeneous TiO₂ photocatalyst. Aqueous suspensions of the microorganisms (10⁷–10⁸ cfu ml⁻¹) and POM (or TiO₂) were irradiated with black light lamps. The POM-PCI was faster than (or comparable to) TiO₂-PCI under the experimental conditions employed in this study. The relative efficiency of POM-PCI was species-dependent. Among three POMs (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀, and H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀) tested in this study, the inactivation of E. coli was fastest with H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀ while that of B. subtilis was the most efficient with H₃PW₁₂O₄₀. Although the biocidal action of TiO₂ photocatalyst has been commonly ascribed to the role of photogenerated reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxides, the cell death mechanism with POM seems to be different from TiO₂-PCI. While TiO₂ caused the cell membrane disruption, POM did not induce the cell lysis. When methanol was added to the POM solution, not only the PCI of E. coli was enhanced (contrary to the case of TiO₂-PCI) but also the dark inactivation was observed. This was ascribed to the in situ production of formaldehyde from the oxidation of methanol. The interesting biocidal property of POM photocatalyst might be utilized as a potential disinfectant technology.     

秸秆腐解剂在秸秆还田中的效果研究初报

在大田、微区和盆栽条件下,研究了秸秆腐解剂对小麦、水稻生长及产量的影响,同时研究了秸秆腐解剂对小麦、水稻秸秆腐解速率及对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,稻、麦秸秆还田时施用秸秆腐解剂对提高稻、麦产量具有明显的增产效果,增产的原因是穗数和粒数增加;稻、麦秸秆还田量不同时,还田量大且配施秸秆腐解剂的效果较还田量小好;麦秸秆还田方式不同时,麦秸以栽稻前耕翻还田且配施秸秆腐解剂的效果较好,上水沤制的效果较差;秸秆腐解剂能促进稻、麦秸秆较快腐解,减轻和防止多量秸秆还田给作物生长带来不利影响,并可稳定和提高土壤养分含量。     

植物修复及强化调控系统根际土壤微生物研究综述

根际土壤微生物是植物修复及其强化修复技术的重要组成部分,了解根际土壤微生物生态效应有助于深入探索修复机制,从而进一步提高修复效率.微生物生态效应反映土壤生态变化,对于有效评估强化调控生态风险具有重要意义.在总结污染土壤植物修复根际微生物生态效应研究的基础上,综述强化调控措施与根际土壤微生物可能存在的相互影响,并分析利用微生物分子生态学技术评估强化调控措施施用风险的可行性.     

Alterations in microbial community during the remediation of a black-odorous stream by acclimated composite microorganisms

Microbial application is an efficient, economical, and ecofriendly method for remediating black-odorous rivers. In this study, the field treatment effect and microbial community changes were monitored during remediation by the acclimated complex microorganisms of a typical black-odorous stream. After the treatment, the total phosphorus and ammonia contents decreased by 74.0% and 76.3% and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen increased from 1.65 to 4.90 mg/L, indicating the effectiveness of the acclimated composite microorganisms. The proportion of Bacteroidetes decreased significantly by 48.1% and that of Firmicutes increased by 2.23% on average, and the microbial diversity index first increased and then tended to be uniform. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that the pH, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation-reduction potential together determined the composition of the microbial communities (p < 0.05). These findings showed that the acclimated composite microorganisms can effectively remediate the black odor.     

Enhanced degradation of carbofuran in pacific northwest soils

Abstract

Persistence of ¹⁴C‐carbonyl carbofuran was measured in Pacific Northwest soils that had received 1–14 applications of the insecticide for root weevil control on perennial crops. Insecticide decay curves were obtained in nonautoclaved soil and several autoclaved soil samples from previously‐treated fields and in nonautoclaved soils from paired control sites not previously treated with carbofuran. The insecticide usually degraded faster in soil from previously‐treated fields than in soil from corresponding control fields. Among 26 previously‐treated fields, the pseudo half‐life (time for 50% loss) of carbofuran was < one wk in 11 soils, 1–3 wks in 8 soils and > 4 wks in the remaining soils. Among the nontreated control fields the pseudo half‐life was > than 2 wks in all cases and > than 15 wks in 5 of the soils. The carbofuran decay curve always possessed an initial lag phase where soil mixing enhanced insecticide decline. Carbofuran degraded very slowly in autoclaved soil samples. The half‐life of carbofuran exceeded 16 wk in all autoclaved soils tested and in most instances 85–90% of the original dosage remained when the tests were terminated 112 days after treatment. These results provided evidence that many of the soils which received applications of carbofuran over the past several years have developed a capacity to degrade carbofuran very rapidly.     

Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.     

基于好氧甲烷氧化菌的反硝化效能及微生物群落研究

采用气体循环序批式生物膜反应器（gcSBBR）,构建反硝化型甲烷好氧氧化（AME-D）系统.考察了进水氮负荷的影响,发现氮负荷为0.075kg/（m³·d）时,硝酸盐氮去除率达到98.93%,其反硝化速率为74.25mg/（L·d）,系统的甲烷日平均消耗量为35.91%（初期为50%）;扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析结果显示,系统中的微生物主要以短杆菌（12~18 μm）为主,并存在少量的丝状菌（长150~200μm）;16S rRNA高通量测序结果显示,该系统中的甲烷氧化菌为Methylocaldum、Methylomonas、Methylococcus和Methylococcaceae_unclassified,反硝化菌为Denitratisoma、Hydrogenophaga、Azoarcus、Thiobacillus和Rhodobacter,其中主要的功能微生物为Methylocaldum、Denitratisoma和Hydrogenophaga,系统对氮的去除是由好氧甲烷氧化菌与反硝化菌协同实现.此外,系统中存在大量以甲醇和甲基胺类物质为生长基质的Methylophilaceae_uncultured（30.4%）.     

高有机负荷冲击对填料型MBR运行性能的影响

针对分散式农村生活污水有机负荷变化明显的特点,研究了填料型厌氧-缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器（A²O-MBR）抗高有机负荷的能力,考察了高有机负荷冲击对污染物去除效果、悬浮和附着污泥性质以及膜污染的影响.结果表明,高负荷冲击期间污染物去除稳定,氨氮去除率在冲击第3d从99.1%下降到78.5%,出水氨氮浓度高于5mg/L,随后去除率恢复至97.6%;悬浮和附着微生物的三磷酸腺苷（ATP）含量增加;附着生物量显著增加;细胞外聚合物（EPS）增加;高有机负荷冲击期间膜污染更严重,膜面污染层EPS含量显著增加;太阳能微动力A²O-MBR系统能减少10%的碳排放.     

壳聚糖-海藻酸钠固定化菌小球处理猪场沼液

采用包埋法,以海藻酸钠-壳聚糖为载体、自行筛选的高效脱氨氮菌为目标菌制备固定化菌小球,用于去除猪场沼液中的氨氮.优化了固定化小球的制备条件,考察了废水处理条件对氨氮去除效果的影响.结果表明,固定化菌小球的最佳制备条件为：壳聚糖投加量20g/L、海藻酸钠投加量10g/L、目标菌种包埋量2：5（V/V）.处理含氨氮废水时,在不调节废水pH值的条件下,当固定化菌小球投加量为15g/L、反应时间为4h时,氨氮的去除率为93.9%,其中吸附作用对氨氮的去除率为64.3%,微生物作用对氨氮的去除率为29.6%.扫描电镜表征结果表明,处理废水后,固定化菌小球外部及内部微生物数量明显增多.动力学与等温线拟合结果显示,固定化菌小球对废水中氨氮的去除过程符合准二级反应动力学方程（R²=0.9252）和Langmuir等温线方程（R²=0.9578）.     

金属氢氧化物包被砂过滤柱吸附与去除水体中的微生物

以氢氧化铁与氢氧化铝原位沉积包被砂作介质的过滤柱 ,用于去除脱氯自来水中人为污染的高浓度脊髓灰质炎病毒PV1、脆弱拟杆菌噬菌体B .fp和大肠杆菌E .coli.结果显示 ,包被修饰砂颗粒表面Zeta电动势由原来的 - 4 2 .8mV上升到 5 4 .7mV ,并因此提高了对微生物的吸附去除能力 .修饰砂过滤柱经 12 .5d连续过滤 30 0L水样后 ,仍可使进水微生物浓度分别高达n(cfu) /mL-1=5 .2× 10 6、2 .4× 10 5、2 .3× 10 5的E .coli、B .fp和PV1去除 92 %、97.2 %和 99.6 % .而未修饰砂柱 ,在相同条件下仅分别去除 5 3%、5 9%和 70 .6 % .修饰砂柱可在较大pH变化下稳定高效地去除微生物且在中性条件下效果最佳 ,这与未修饰砂柱明显不同 .扫描电镜显示 ,两种砂具有明显不同的表面结构 .修饰砂柱流出液中检测不到用于包被的铁、铝金属 ,说明氢氧化铁、氢氧化铝修饰物同砂结合牢固并因此提高了砂过滤柱的使用寿命 .修饰砂过滤介质可为饮用水处理提供更为安全可靠的去除病原微生物方法 .图 4表 4参 19