Delignification of disposable wooden chopsticks waste for fermentative hydrogen production by an enriched culture from a hot spring

Hydrogen(H2) production from lignocellulosic materials may be enhanced by removing lignin and increasing the porosity of the material prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. Alkaline pretreatment conditions,used to delignify disposable wooden chopsticks(DWC) waste, were investigated. The effects of NaOH concentration, temperature and retention time were examined and it was found that retention time had no effect on lignin removal or carbohydrate released in enzymatic hydrolysate. The highest percentage of lignin removal(41%) was obtained with 2% NaOH at 100℃, correlated with the highest carbohydrate released(67 mg/gpretreated DWC) in the hydrolysate. An enriched culture from a hot spring was used as inoculum for fermentative H2 production, and its optimum initial pH and temperature were determined to be 7.0 and 50℃, respectively. Furthermore, enzymatic hydrolysate from pretreated DWC was successfully demonstrated as a substrate for fermentative H2 production by the enriched culture. The maximum H2 yield and production rate were achieved at 195 mL H2/g total sugarsconsumedand 116 mL H2/(L·day), respectively.     

美洲商陆（Phytolacca Americana L.）对铀的富集特征及根际微生物群落功能多样性的响应

在模拟低(25 mg·kg-1)、中(50 mg·kg-1)、高(100 mg·kg-1)剂量铀污染的条件下,采用盆栽试验,研究了美洲商陆富集铀的特点及铀污染对根际微生物群落的影响.结果表明,铀污染对美洲商陆生长的影响可能存在一个阈值,该阈值介于25~50 mg·kg-1之间,低于该阈值时,铀污染能够促进美洲商陆的生长,反之,则会抑制美洲商陆的生长.美洲商陆成熟时,根、茎和叶的最大铀富集量分别为131.69、9.87和45.33μg,是一种较为理想的修复铀尾矿的植物.Biolog-Eco测试结果表明,土壤中铀会对美洲商陆根际微生物群落产生负效应,铀胁迫可使根际微生物代谢迟缓,对碳源的选择发生转移,对糖类、羧酸类和胺类碳源的利用显著减少,对酚酸类碳源的利用显著增加;同时,铀胁迫可导致根际微生物群落功能多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势微生物种类降低.最后,利用培养96 h的平均吸光值进行聚类和主成分分析.结果表明,铀胁迫下美洲商陆根际微生物群落异于对照,美洲商陆根际微生物对铀胁迫的适应是以降低对糖类、羧酸类和胺类等碳源的利用为代价的.     

湖南某铀尾矿库周边土壤外源铀输入机制的研究

选择湖南某铀尾矿库周边的3条土壤剖面S1、S2、S3作为研究对象,通过与区域上背景剖面以及尾矿库中铀尾砂样品的地球化学特征对比,并结合逐级化学提取技术,讨论了土壤中外源铀的输入机制。研究表明:(1)铀尾矿库对周边土壤已产生了铀污染,其中,近源土壤剖面S1、S2遭受了重度铀污染,以单因子指数法表征的污染指数Pi分别为18.98和14.76,随着远离污染源,土壤的铀污染程度呈降低趋势(如远源的剖面S3的Pi=1.35)。(2)作为农业土壤,由于受耕作过程中的人为扰动,外源铀的输入已贯穿了整个剖面。(3)土壤中外源铀的输入,特别是对于遭受了重度铀污染的近源土壤剖面,主要包括两种机制,一是随铀尾砂的机械混入,二是随渗滤液的离子输入,以前者为主。然而,对于土壤中占绝对优势的专性吸附态(Ⅱ)外源铀,主要来自于后者的贡献。随铀尾砂机械混入的铀,其赋存形态在土壤中得到了继承;随渗滤液的离子输入的铀,主要专性吸附在土壤基质上。本研究为有效开展铀尾矿库的治理提供了重要参考依据。     

地浸井场外围含水层砂岩对铀的吸附行为

天然含水层介质对铀的吸附是地下水铀天然衰减的决定因素.然而,人们对天然含水层砂岩吸附铀行为的认识相当有限.因此,本文采用静态实验及数值模拟相结合的方法研究了地浸井场外围砂岩对铀的吸附行为,探究了天然砂岩对溶液中铀的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,研究了铀初始浓度、pH、其他离子种类与浓度对铀吸附的影响.结果表明,准二级动力学方程与Freundlich等温吸附模型可以更好地表征砂岩对铀的吸附行为;随着溶液中铀初始浓度的增大,砂岩对水溶液中铀的吸附量增大,吸附率减小;在初始pH=3时,铀的吸附率达到最大,为77%;砂岩对溶液中铀的吸附率会随反应体系中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、HCO^-₃等离子浓度的升高而下降,4种共存离子对该吸附过程抑制能力的顺序为:SO₄^2-2+2+-₃.这些研究结果可为地浸...     

Safety parameters for oxygen-enriched flames

The utilization of low-quality gaseous fuel from biomass gasification and the abundance of oxygen-rich streams obtained as a by-product of nitrogen-air separation by membrane technology has incentivized the development of sustainable oxygen-enriched combustion technologies in the last decades. However, a dearth of experimental and numerical analysis addressing the reactivity and safety aspects of these mixtures at initial low temperatures can be observed in the current literature.In this work, the heat flux burner was adopted for the measurement of the laminar burning velocity of methane in oxygen enriched air at different equivalence ratios. Results were compared with numerical data obtained by means of detailed kinetic mechanisms developed at the University of Bologna and the Gas Research Institute (GriMech3.0). Simplified correlations for the estimation of the laminar burning velocity with respect to the oxygen content at any equivalence ratio were developed, tested and evaluated.An elemental reaction-based function was found appropriate for the estimation of the overall reactivity of the investigated mixtures. Besides, numerical analyses were performed to characterize the flame structures in terms of temperature and product distribution under several initial conditions. These results gave further insights into the reaction mechanisms of gaseous fuels in the case of oxygen-enriched air, highlighting potential bottlenecks for kinetic model refinements. Eventually, relevant safety parameters were estimated, in particular the flammability range of the fuel/oxidant mixture, in terms of lower and upper flammability limits.     

铀、钍在尾矿-定居植物体系中的迁移

通过BCR(community bureau of reference)提取和富集系数、转移系数计算,对铀、钍在铀尾矿-植物体系中的迁移进行了研究。尾矿中U、Th的总量达205 mg/kg、141mg/kg,但其生物有效性较低,其酸溶态和可还原态的U仅占10.5%和10.8%、Th仅占0.9%和2.8%,而残渣态U占67.7%、Th占92.1%。库区三种优势植物的各部位U、Th含量高出背景区对照值的10倍以上,明显超过了《食品中放射性物质限制浓度标准》中植物类食品的限制浓度。由于植物生长介质中仅生物有效部分的重金属能为植物所积累,因而本文提出应以富集系数BF*(等于植物中重金属含量/其生长介质中相应重金属的生物有效态含量的比值)来衡量植物对重金属的富集程度。尾矿的风化程度较弱及其U、Th生物有效性较低,植物各位U、Th的BF*均较小,三种植物对U、Th的富集程度均较低,但对钍的富集能力明显强于铀。可能受菌根对重金属的强积累能力的影响,U、Th主要富集于植物的根部,向地上部分茎、叶的转移量相对较低。目前,库区尾矿中U、Th在植物中的富集虽然不是很强,但随植物定居时间的增加,尾矿中放射性核素的生物有效性及向库区植物中迁移的能力呈增强的趋势,环境风险将逐渐增高,应引起环境管理部门的足够关注。     

鱼腥藻在满江红-鱼腥藻共生体系去除水中铀时的作用

通过分离有藻满江红中的鱼腥藻,获得无藻满江红和鱼腥藻.采用水培试验的方法分别研究了无藻满江红、有藻满江红和鱼腥藻对水中铀的去除行为,并采用红外光谱技术分析了它们富集铀前后化学基团的变化.结果表明,对于初始浓度分别为2.5和5.0 mg·L-1的铀溶液,在有藻满江红的作用下,分别经过27和36 d生物富集后浓度能降低至GB 23727-2009规定的0.05 mg·L-1排放标准以下,而在无藻满江红和鱼腥藻的作用下,铀浓度无法达到排放标准.相对于无藻满江红,鱼腥藻提高了有藻满江红对水中铀的富集量、富集系数及对铀的抗胁迫能力,从而提高了有藻满江红对水中铀的去除效率.红外分析表明,在富集铀后,与无藻满江红相比,有藻满江红体内出现了芳环和醇类或苷类化合物,而这些新的物质是鱼腥藻在富集铀的过程中产生的,其可能促进了有藻满江红对铀的富集.     

浙江大桥坞铀矿床铅、氢、氧同位素研究

浙江大桥坞矿床是赣杭火山岩铀成矿带重要的铀矿床之一。本文通过对大桥坞铀矿床铅、氢和氧同位素及前人资料的综合研究,探讨了矿床成矿流体和成矿物质来源。结果表明花岗斑岩、凝灰岩、辉绿岩、矿石中黄铁矿、蚀变围岩中黄铁矿的Pb同位素组成变化较小,可能指示它们具有相似的源区。在铅同位素构造环境判别图解中,铅同位素投影点分布范围较广,但多数集中于地幔和造山带演化线之间,偏向造山带,反映了铅的来源与岩浆活动有关。氢、氧同位素组成显示,成矿流体主要来自大气降水。成矿物质来源于壳幔混合源。     

某铀矿区周边土壤238U和226Ra分布特征及污染评价

为查清某铀矿区周边土壤污染源项的污染强度及范围,对需要治理的污染源进行量化,对该铀矿周边土壤0.0~0.2,0.2~0.4,0.4~0.6,0.6~0.8,0.8~1.0m土层土壤中放射性核素²³⁸U和²²⁶Ra活度进行现场调研和统计分析（水平土壤正态分布、箱型图、Q-Q图）,其表明放射性核素污染的空间分布特征及有效性影响,利用²²⁶Ra/²³⁸U反映风化程度.结果表明：在0.0~0.2m土壤深度,²³⁸U和²²⁶Ra浓度最高,分别为813.44~5059.20,737~4536Bq/kg,随深度增加²²⁶Ra和²³⁸U浓度呈减小趋势,0.6~1.0m深度²³⁸U和²²⁶Ra浓度均超美国核管会（NRC）铀矿和水冶设施退役中残存放射性核素的土壤去污标准浓度（370Bq/kg）,因此,针对研究区的土壤治理,厚度选取应不小于1m.污染评价结果表明：研究区属重度-极重度污染、强生态风险危害的土壤面积占比最高,随距铀矿区距离增加,²²⁶Ra和²³⁸U污染程度降低,潜在生态危害减小.     

Soil uranium,basement radon and lung cancer in Illinois,USA

Using counties as the sampling unit, a significant association between the chemical form of uranium occurring in soils with basement radon levels was found (Spearman r, 0.266; p > |r|, 0.007). Uranium atoms dispersed throughout the soil matrix are efficient emanators of Rn to soil gas, whereas Rn that is trapped diffuses very slowly from the several U-bearing minerals in Illinois soils and does not contribute significantly to explaining basement Rn. Basement Rn level is correlated with annual incidence of male and female lung cancers. Dispersed U is correlated with annual incidence of lung cancer in females with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.162 (p > |r|, 0.104) and males of 0.177 (p > |r|, 0.075).