Trace Level Determination of U, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in Drinking Water Samples

The concentration of uranium has been assessed in drinking water samples collected from different locations in Bathinda district, Punjab, India. The water samples are taken from hand pumps and tube wells. Uranium is determined using fission track technique. Uranium concentration in the water samples varies from 2.23± 0.05 to 87.05± 0.29 μg/L. These values are compared with safe limit values recommended for drinking water. The uranium concentration in almost all drinking water samples is found to be more than the safe limit. Analysis of some heavy metals viz. Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in water is made. The concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine and total hardness along with the pH value and conductivity of the water samples are measured. Some of the samples show stunningly high values of these parameters.     

Depleted uranium mobility and fractionation in contaminated soil (Southern Serbia)

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: During the Balkan conflict in 1999, soil in contaminated areas was enriched in depleted uranium (DU) isotopic signature, relative to the in-situ natural uranium present. After the military activities, most of kinetic DU penetrators or their fragments remained buried in the ground in certain geomorphological and geochemical environments exposed to local weathering conditions. The contamination distribution, mobility and/or fixation of DU in the contaminated soil profile at one hot spot were the subject of our study. The results should disclose what happened with released DU corrosion products in three years elapsed, given the scope of their geochemical fractionation, and mark out the most probable host substrates in investigated soil type. METHODS: Gamma-spectrometric analysis of soil samples taken in the DU penetrator impact-zone was done to obtain present contamination levels. Set of samples is subjected to five-step and three-step sequential extraction procedures, specifically selective to different physical/chemical associations in soil. The stable elements are determined in extracts by the atomic absorption spectroscopy. After the ion-exchange based uranium separation procedure, alpha-spectrometric analysis of obtained fractions was done and DU distribution in five extraction phases found from 235U/238U and 234U/238U isotopic ratios. RESULTS: Depleted uranium concentration falls down to the 1% of the initial value, at approximately 150 mm distance to the source. Carbonates and iron/manganese hydrous oxides are indicated as the most probable substrates for depleted uranium in the characterized soil type. Therefore, in the highly contaminated soil samples, depleted uranium is still weakly bonded and easy exchangeable. The significant levels of organic-bonded depleted uranium are found in surface soil only. DISCUSSION: Dependence of the fractionation on the contamination levels is evident. Samples with higher DU contents have shown a longer maintenance in the exchangeable phases, probably because adsorption/desorption mass transfer through the medium was not very fast. Organic-bonded, depleted uranium is present in surface soil samples due to its higher humus content. Considering geochemical composition of investigated soil, the indicating chemical associations as substrates are in agreement with some considerations based on the results for low-level waste unsaturated zones. CONCLUSIONS: The soil contamination with depleted uranium in investigated area is still 'spot' type and not widespread. Dependence of the fractionation on the contamination levels and presence of weakly bonded, depleted uranium in the hot spots areas is evident. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: A detailed study may be undertaken with suitable extractive reagents to define a bio-available fraction of depleted uranium in soil. The comparison of results for different soil types investigated by the same methodology may be useful. An applied combination of physical/chemical procedures and analysis may help in the decision making on the remediation strategy for sites contaminated with depleted uranium used in military operations.     

A2/O工艺脱氮除磷的中试试验研究

以某污水处理厂初沉池出水为中试试验A2/O工艺进水,连续运行,考察温度、泥龄、溶解氧、厌氧停留时间对氮磷的去除情况.结果表明,系统硝化功能以20℃为界,低于此温度时系统氨氧化速率(AUR)由10.4mgNH4+;-N/L·h降为8.1 mgNH4+-N/L·h,亚硝酸盐氧化速率(NUR)由6.1 mgNO2--N/L·h降为4.8 mgNO2--N/L·h,氨氮去除率由98.8％降为51.2％.在低温条件下,泥龄由13 d延长至16 d,氨氮去除率升至82.5％.曝气采用固定氧供给模式和非固定氧供给模式对TN去除率影响较大,去除率分别为78.1％和63.8％.厌氧水力停留时间由0.93 h提高至1.86 h,TP去除率由40.5％提高至67.3％,厌氧阶段磷浓缩比由1.36倍提高至4.29倍.     

某铀矿下游水系沉积物剖面的放射性核素分布特征

为了研究广东某铀矿下游水系沉积物中放射性核素的垂直分布,利用HPGe-γ能谱仪测量了池塘底泥、溪流沉积物和水稻土剖面中238U、235U、226Ra、232Th和 40K的含量.结果表明,该铀矿水系沉积物中238U、235U和226Ra污染较严重,其中池塘底泥>溪流沉积物>水稻土,而232Th和 40K的变化较小.水稻土的放射性核素含量相对较低,证明稻田没有利用铀矿排放的溪水进行灌溉;而受铀矿生产影响的池塘沉积物中238U、235U和226Ra平均含量分别是水稻土的100、87和155倍,且随所采底泥样品垂直深度的增加而增高,在40cm左右含量最高.溪流沉积物中238U和226Ra含量随深度增加有小幅增加,而且238U和226Ra含量与有机质含量呈正相关.     

丛枝菌根在治理铀污染环境中的潜在作用

随着人们对新能源需求的增加及核能的不断开发利用,放射性核素污染问题日趋严重.由于各种原因导致的放射性核素铀(U)制品及相关废弃物的排放,对土壤和水体造成严重污染,并最终威胁到环境安全和人类健康.另一方面,作为一种环境友好的生物技术,近年来菌根修复技术在污染环境治理方面的可能应用得到越来越多的关注.本文在概述放射性核素U...     

西昆仑库地基性脉岩地球化学及构造意义

西昆仑北带库地一带广泛发育基性岩墙群(辉绿岩),其化学成分为拉斑质玄武岩系列。岩脉的微量元素与稀土元素具典型的板内溢流玄武岩特征,富集大离子亲石元素、轻稀土,稀土元素总量较高,弱的Eu正异常。Ta、Nb、Hf、Zr无亏损现象,反映岩脉未受到地壳物质的明显混染及经历了弱的结晶分异作用;而Sr、P明显亏损。则反映了亏损的源区性质,但不相容元素的比值表现出EMI特征,推测不相容元素富集是软流圈地幔上涌过程中低程度熔融所致。综合本文的研究及野外地质特征。表明辉绿岩是古塔里木南缘新元古代大陆裂解背景下的产物。     

博落回对不同化学形态铀的富集特征

为了研究陆生植物博落回（Macleaya Cordata）对不同化学形态铀的富集特征,采用Visual MINTEQ地球化学平衡软件设计了五种含不同化学形态铀[UO₂2+、CaUO₂（CO₃）₃2-、UO₂Cit-、（UO₂）₂（EDTA）₂4-和UO₂HPO₄]的培养液,开展水培试验.博落回在这五种培养液中分别培养1、5、10、15、20和25 d后,测定其株高、根长和干质量,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定其地上部分和根部的w（铀）.结果表明:在不同化学形态铀胁迫下,博落回株高无显著差异,UO₂HPO₄可促进博落回根的生长,而（UO₂）₂（EDTA）₂4-降低了博落回的干质量.并且,博落回根部对不同化学形态铀的富集能力大小顺序为UO₂2+ > UO₂HPO₄ > CaUO₂（CO₃）₃2- > UO₂Cit- >（UO₂）₂（EDTA）₂4-,博落回地上部分对不同化学形态铀的富集能力大小顺序为UO₂Cit- >（UO₂）₂（EDTA）₂4- > UO₂2+ > CaUO₂（CO₃）₃2- > UO₂HPO₄.此外,博落回根部对UO₂2+的富集能力很高,但地上部分很低.添加柠檬酸,培养液中铀的主要化学形态为UO₂Cit-,并且在100 mg/L铀的胁迫下,博落回对UO₂Cit-的生物富集系数和转移系数分别达到0.09和8.53.因此,要提高博落回对铀污染土壤中铀的富集和转移,可添加柠檬酸,促使土壤中铀的形态以UO₂Cit-为主,同时要降低土壤中碳酸盐和磷酸盐的含量.      

Quantifying uranium complexation by groundwater dissolved organic carbon using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation

The long-term mobility of actinides in groundwaters is important for siting nuclear waste facilities and managing waste-rock piles at uranium mines. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may influence the mobility of uranium, but few field-based studies have been undertaken to examine this in typical groundwaters. In addition, few techniques are available to isolate DOC and directly quantify the metals complexed to it. Determination of U-organic matter association constants from analysis of field-collected samples compliments laboratory measurements, and these constants are needed for accurate transport calculations. The partitioning of U to DOC in a clay-rich aquitard was investigated in 10 groundwater samples collected between 2 and 30 m depths at one test site. A positive correlation was observed between the DOC (4-132 mg/L) and U concentrations (20-603 microg/L). The association of U and DOC was examined directly using on-line coupling of Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AsFlFFF) with UV absorbance (UVA) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) detectors. This method has the advantages of utilizing very small sample volumes (20-50 microL) as well as giving molecular weight information on U-organic matter complexes. AsFlFFF-UVA results showed that 47-98% of the DOC (4-136 mg C/L) was recovered in the AsFlFFF analysis, of which 25-64% occurred in the resolvable peak. This peak corresponded to a weight-average molecular weight of about 900-1400 Daltons (Da). In all cases, AsFlFFF-ICP-MS suggested that相似文献   

Migration and biological effect of natural heavy radionuclides on plants

A complex radioecological study of technogenic landscapes of southern Yakutia showed that the main factor responsible for their contamination with uranium and radium is radionuclide dispersal by air with products of rock weathering. Coefficients of biological absorption by plants decrease with an increase in the contamination level, which is explained by the fact that strongly fixed forms of uranium and radium prevail in the contaminated areas. In addition, the root barrier plays an important role. Radiation load is mainly determined by background gamma-radiation. The contribution of internal irradiation accounted for by incorporated radionuclides does not exceed 16% and decreases with an increase in the level of soil contamination. Manchurian alder seeds produced under conditions of enhanced background radiation are more viable than those from the control area. It is shown that seed generations of plants growing under conditions of chronic irradiation are highly resistant to the radiation factor.     

铀胁迫对植物光合特性的影响及植物对铀的吸收转移

在铀污染土壤的二次修复中,采用7科12种植物,研究铀胁迫对植物光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性的影响以及植物对铀的吸收、富集情况,为铀污染土壤的植物修复提供理论和方法依据。结果表明:(1)铀胁迫显著影响红圆叶苋、苍耳、美洲商陆、刺天茄和苘麻5种植物的光合效率,具体表现为叶片净光合速率(Pn)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增加,初始荧光(F0)增加,光系统II最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭(qP)和最大相对电子传递速率(rETRmaxr)降低;而反枝苋、菊苣、鬼针草、向日葵和牛皮菜则对铀胁迫表现出较好的耐性。(2)酸模、鬼针草、苍耳和向日葵吸收富集铀的能力较强,在铀含量为485 mg/kg的二次修复土壤中生长3个月,体内积累的铀含量分别为363.57、91.87、75.80和65.42 mg/kg;而反枝苋、牛皮菜和美洲商陆吸收富集铀的能力较弱,体内的铀含量分别为16.20、15.11和12.36 mg/kg。(3)铀在植物体内的转移能力较差,器官间的铀富集能力一般表现为根叶茎果。综合比较而言,酸模、向日葵和鬼针草对铀的耐性较强、体内铀含量高,可作为铀污染土壤二次修复植物。