微生物复合菌剂对污泥好氧堆肥过程的影响

研究了黄孢原毛平革菌与枯草芽孢杆菌复合菌剂在剩余污泥静态强制通风好氧堆肥中的作用.结果表明,根据堆肥过程中的温度(0~5d为中温阶段,6~12d为高温阶段,16~28d为腐熟阶段)变化,复合菌剂的变化导致堆体细菌数量明显高于空白堆体,且堆体中的嗜热真菌在高温期显著增多,促进了有机物的降解,加速了堆体的腐熟.试验组萝卜种子发芽指数(GI)相对空白组提前3d达到了50%,表明复合菌剂的加入迅速地降低了堆体的生物毒性,但由于相对浓缩效应使得堆肥产品Cd含量略有增加.     

龙岩市大气颗粒物来源统计分析

通过采样和分析,对龙岩市大气颗粒物10种主要源样品进行了富集因子分析和R型聚类分析.结果表明:各类源样品的成分谱具有显著差异,对不同元素的富集程度各不相同,但对金属元素的富集程度均较高.高岭土矿中W的富集因子为255.32, Bi的富集因子为520.12,红土壤中Bi的富集因子为173.41,小煤炉灰中Sb的富集因子为119.98,以机动车尾气、钢铁厂及燃煤等的贡献为主;龙岩市大气颗粒物的来源可以分为4个类型,即道路尘及土壤风沙尘类,建筑水泥尘类,金属冶炼及钢铁厂尘类和饲料厂尘类别.     

海南岛北部潮间带红树林对重金属的累积特征

对海南岛北部潮间带红树林湿地7种红树植物（根、茎、叶）及其根系沉积物中重金属元素含量进行了分析,结果表明：研究区湿地沉积物中Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的变异系数大于0.50,沉积物中重金属分布很不稳定。其中Cr、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的含量均高于海南水系沉积物背景值,可能存在外源的输入。仅有Pb的含量略低于海南水系沉积物背景值。总体来看,大部分植物显示了对Cd元素的较强的富集能力（BAC〉1）,瓶花木对重金属元素的吸收能力总体上要比其他红树植物强一些,木果楝对重金属元素的吸收能力总体上最弱。其中,瓶花木（Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea）对Cr、Zn、As和Cd的吸收能力较强,莲叶桐（Hernandia sonora）对Cr和Ni的吸收能力较强,角果木（Ceriops tagal）对Pb的富集能力较强。角果木（Ceriops tagal）和桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）对Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,瓶花木（Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea）对Cu、Zn和Cd的运输能力较强,尖瓣海莲（Bruguiera sexangula）对Cr、Ni、Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）对Ni、Cu、Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,木果楝（Xylocarpus granatum）对Cr、Zn和Cd的运输能力较强,莲叶桐（Hernandia sonora）对Cr也有较强的运输能力。但此次所研究的红树植物对As元素的运输能力均很弱,建议适量引入适宜在研究区生长并且对As元素富集能力较强的植物。     

不同品种小麦Pb积累差异性研究

通过在轻度污染耕地的田间试验,研究了20个小麦品种对重金属Pb的吸收差异,并探讨小麦对Pb的转运与富集规律,以期筛选出对Pb低积累小麦品种。对小麦籽粒重金属Pb含量的聚类分析表明花培8号、平安8号、周麦20、豫农201和同舟麦916具有低积累特性。上述5个品种籽粒中Pb含量均符合GB 2715—2005《粮食卫生标准》,Pb从根部向籽粒的平均转运系数(0.001 1)和富集系数(0.037 4)均小于1,且各品种产量均较高。研究初步认为花培8号和周麦20具有成为低积累特性品种的潜力,经进一步验证后可用于轻度污染耕地的种植生产。     

不同Fe(III)对活性污泥异化铁还原及除磷影响研究

以SBBR反应器活性污泥作为铁还原菌菌种来源,采用兼性厌氧/严格厌氧恒温培养试验,投加不同Fe(III)考察各条件下的异化铁还原能力,同时比较对磷的去除效果.结果表明:2种条件下Fe(III)还原能力具有较好的一致性,依次为:Fe(OH)3>氧化铁皮>青矿>红矿,其中严格厌氧条件下较好.同时,除磷效果与其呈正相关,富集培养至7d, Fe(OH)3及氧化铁皮体系出水磷浓度均达到2mg/L以下,之后继续降低,最终达到0.5mg/L以下.结合异化铁还原除磷机理,可以证明,不同Fe(III)表面吸附作用对TP的去除贡献较小,其主要作用为铁还原菌驱动下的化学沉淀去除.     

东洞庭湖网箱养殖鲤鱼生长期内重金属的富集特征

于2012年2—7月对东洞庭湖网箱养殖鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)按生长期进行样品采集,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定水样和饲料以及鲤鱼鳃、肝脏和肌肉中的重金属含量. 结果表明:鲤鱼生长环境中的水质属于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅰ类水平,但饲料中重金属质量分数相对较高,成为鲤鱼富集重金属的主要来源. 在鲤鱼生长期内,鱼体内的w(Pb)和w(Cu)均随着鲤鱼的生长而增加. 鲤鱼鳃中Pb未检出,w(Cu)为0.143～0.703mg/kg;肝脏中w(Pb)和w(Cu)分别为0.006～0.181和0.625～6.177mg/kg;肌肉中w(Pb)和w(Cu)分别为nd～0.034和nd～0.161mg/kg. w(Zn)和w(Cd)均随着鲤鱼的生长先增加后下降,在1～4月龄的鲤鱼体内w(Zn)在鳃、肝脏和肌肉中分别从40.121、21.302和2.032mg/kg增至258.964、146.155和18.011mg/kg,w(Cd)则分别从0.015、0.031和0.003mg/kg增至0.078、0.151和0.021mg/kg;4月龄后,w(Zn)在鳃、肝脏和肌肉中逐渐降至173.182、104.219和5.490mg/kg,w(Cd)也降至0.037、0.111和0.018mg/kg. 在鲤鱼生长过程中,肝脏是Pb、Cd和Cu的主要富集部位,鳃是Zn的主要富集部位,肌肉是重金属富集的最弱部位,并且这3个部位间重金属富集的相关性较强.      

长株潭城市群秋季大气颗粒物及其重金属元素污染特征

为研究长株潭城市群大气颗粒物及典型元素污染特征,于2011年11月在长沙、株洲、湘潭三地采集TSP和PM₁₀样品,同期在北京进行采样,以分析颗粒物及其中重金属元素(Cr、Cd、Hg、Pb和As)质量浓度的分布特征. 结果表明:秋季长沙、株洲、湘潭三地的ρ(TSP)均低于北京,背景点(长沙沙坪站)最低,为(110±48)μg/m3. 株洲ρ(PM₁₀)与北京相近,略高于湘潭和长沙,但背景点ρ(PM₁₀)仍为最低. ρ(PM₁₀)/ρ(TSP)在70.26%~95.80%之间,平均值为85.90%. 长株潭城市群的ρ(Cr)、ρ(Hg)、ρ(As)、ρ(Cd)和ρ(Pb)在TSP中分别为37.7~60.7、0.2~1.5、22.7~92.0、4.2~36.8和142.9~508.3ng/m3,在PM₁₀中相应分别为20.4~33.5、0.1~1.0、20.6~74.2、3.8~31.9和126.1~432.4ng/m3. 长株潭城市群各采样点Cd在TSP和PM₁₀中的富集因子均最大,分别为475.8~4690.7和840.5~7489.8;其次为Hg、Pb和As;Cr的富集因子在TSP和PM₁₀中分别为7.8~33.3和9.1~33.6,均为最小.      

Fates and partitioning of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration process

The fate and partitioning of heavy metals (including Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Cr, Ni, and Cu) from MSW incinerators located in Taiwan were determined. Results of stack sampling indicate that most Hg and As (more than 80%) exists in the gas phase while other metals partition differently among bottom ash, fly ash, and flue gases. Removal efficiencies of existing air pollution control devices for Hg and As are lower (about 70%) than other metals. Bottom ash contains higher concentration of Cd compared with European incinerators. In addition, strong enrichment of Cd on fly ash particles is observed.     

Distribution,enrichment, accumulation and potential ecological risks of mercury in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor,Taiwan

The distribution, enrichment, accumulation and potential ecological risks of mercury (Hg) in the surface sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan, were investigated. Sediment samples from 20 locations throughout Kaohsiung Harbor were collected quarterly from 2006 to 2011, and characterised for mercury, aluminium, water content, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total grease and grain size. The results showed that Hg concentrations varied from 0.06–6.73 mg kg^?1 with an average of 0.54±0.71 mg kg^?1. The spatial distribution of Hg reveals that the Hg concentration is relatively higher in the river mouth regions, especially at the Love River and Canon River mouths from where it gradually diminishes toward the harbour entrance region. The results from the enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index analyses reveal that the sediments near the Love River and Canon River mouths experience severe enrichment and strong accumulation of Hg that originates from upstream sources of pollution. The assessment of biological effects indicates that concentrations of 92.5% Hg found in the sediment are higher than effects range low, implying that the harbour sediments may cause an adverse impact on aquatic lives. The results of a potential ecological risk index indicate that the sediment has higher to serious levels of ecological potential risks.     

Enrichments of Trace Metals in Particulate Matter From the Southern East China Sea,North of Taiwan

Abstract

This study investigates the distributions and enrichments of trace metals in suspended and sinking particulate matter from southern East China Sea (ECS) north of Taiwan during the period April 1992 to April 1993. According to these results, concentration of suspended particulate matter in the inner shelf of southern China Sea, the upwellinginfluenced shelf break, and in Kuroshio water are 1.30 (surface)–4.2 (bottom) mg1^?1, ca. 0.4 mg1^?1 and 0.1–0.2 mg1^?1, respectively, reflecting various influences of terrestrial inputs. A benthic nepheloid layer (BNL), apparently owing to resuspension of local and/or remote bottom sediments, formed over the shelf region. Temporal variations in trace metal contents and enrichments in suspended matter from the shelf region reflect the variation of metal inputs from Chinese rivers, particularly from the Changjiang runoff. the enriched metals are more likely to be derived from anthropogenic input, rather than from biological accumulation. in addition, a decrease in metal contents and an increase in salinity confirm the transport of suspended particulate metals from the East China Sea shelf to the open ocean. the feature of metal plume in the intermediate layer (550–800m) of Kuroshio water also verifies this occurrence. Moreover, the sinking particles collected from a sediment trap on the upper slope are relatively enriched in lithogenic matter and trace metals, suggesting the deposit of anthropogenic metals in the slope area.