Microbial safety control of compost material with cow dung by heat treatment

Various kinds of pathogenic bacteria derived from the intestinal tract of animals exist in compost material like cow dung.In order to sterilize the pathogenic bacteria completely in compost material,the cow dung was put into a heat treatment machine in pilot plan, and harmless condition in short time was examined.The results indicated,pathogenic indicator bacteria such as coliform bacteria, fecal coliform,Escherichia coli and salmonella were all 10~6 cfu/g dw at the beginning,died rapidly when cow dung temperature rose to above 50℃,and not detected at 54-68℃for 6-24 h heat treatment.Coliform bacteria and salmonella in heated cow dung were not detected by re-growth culture and enrichment culture examination.Moreover,it was hardly influenced on the fermentation ability of composting microbe,organic decomposition bacteria.During heat treatment,the mesophile decreased rapidly and the thermophile stabilized or increased,and the most of composting microbe were bacillus in cow dung by fluorescence microscope,this indicated that bacillus was dominator and composting microbe in composting process.     

宣威街道尘中重金属的分布特征及其健康风险评估

云南肺癌高发区(宣威)的环境污染与人群健康之间的关系一直是环境科学研究领域的热点之一.本研究采集了宣威市电厂及其上风向地区和下风向地区的街道灰尘,利用ICP-MS对样品中的重金属元素进行了分析;利用富集因子法对样品中的重金属污染及来源进行探究;并运用美国环境保护署(US EPA)发布的人体暴露风险评价方法对样品中重金属元素的健康风险进行了评估.结果表明,宣威街道尘土中Al、V、Ni、Co、Zn和Cd等金属元素的质量浓度明显呈"电厂来宾倘塘"的特征;V、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Co、Ni、Pb、As和Zn等10种重金属的含量明显高于云南省土壤背景值,显示宣威市地表灰尘重金属污染较为严重;宣威街道中Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、As和Cd等重金属主要来源于电厂排放的燃煤颗粒物.健康风险评估的结果表明,宣威街道灰尘中10种重金属元素对儿童的非致癌风险大于成人,手-口摄入是灰尘重金属暴露的主要途径;宣威街道尘土中Cd、Cr、Ni、Co和As等5种致癌重金属存在潜在的致癌风险;Cr是威胁儿童健康的主要污染因子.     

The metabolism of neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam by soil enrichment cultures,and the bacterial diversity and plant growth‐promoting properties of the cultured isolates

A soil enrichment culture (SEC) rapidly degraded 96% of 200 mg L^?1 neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam (TMX) in MSM broth within 30 d; therefore, its metabolic pathway of TMX, bacterial diversity and plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) activities of the cultured isolates were studied. The SEC transformed TMX via the nitro reduction pathway to form nitrso, urea metabolites and via cleavage of the oxadiazine cycle to form a new metabolite, hydroxyl CLO‐tri. In addition, 16S rRNA gene‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that uncultured rhizobacteria are predominant in the SEC broth and that 77.8% of the identified bacteria belonged to uncultured bacteria. A total of 31 cultured bacterial strains including six genera (Achromobacter, Agromyces, Ensifer, Mesorhizobium, Microbacterium and Pseudoxanthomonas) were isolated from the SEC broth. The 12 strains of Ensifer adhaerens have the ability to degrade TMX. All six selected bacteria showed PGPR activities. E. adhaerens TMX‐23 and Agromyces mediolanus TMX‐25 produced indole‐3‐acetic acid, whereas E. adhaerens TMX‐23 and Mesorhizobium alhagi TMX‐36 are N₂‐fixing bacteria. The six‐isolated microbes were tolerant to 200 mg L^?1 TMX, and the growth of E. adhaerens was significantly enhanced by TMX, whereas that of Achromobacter sp. TMX‐5 and Microbacterium sp.TMX‐6 were enhanced slightly. The present study will help to explain the fate of TMX in the environment and its microbial degradation mechanism, as well as to facilitate future investigations of the mechanism through which TMX enhances plant vigor.     

Cadmium in aquatic microcosms: Implications for screening the ecological effects of toxic substances

A two-phase set of experiments was conducted to address some of the problems inherent in ecological screening of toxic substances in aquatic microcosms. Phase I was a 4×4 factorial experiment dealing with the interactive effects of cadmium and nutrients in static microcosms. Phase II was a 2×4 factorial experiment using flowthrough microcosms to study temporal aspects of system behavior in response to nutrient loading and chronic versus acute cadmium perturbations. Nutrient enrichment resulted in increased biomass and metabolic activity in both static and flowthrough microcosms. Cadmium treatments generally resulted in a decrease in abundance of grazing crustaceans and a subsequent increase in community respiration, suggesting a change in community structure from a grazing to a detritus food chain. Of the variables measured, community metabolism, community composition, and output/input ratios of nitrate-nitrogen were the most useful indicators of system response to cadmium. Nutrient enrichment significantly influenced cadmium effects with respect to most of the variables measured; high levels of enrichment reduced the effects of cadmium. For screening the ecological effects of toxic chemicals, a series of experiments is proposed, including 1) relatively simple static microcosms, 2) flow through microcosms, and 3) more detailed but selective studies in microcosms derived from specific ecosystems. Each step yields increasingly more information and serves as a guide for subsequent experiments; in addition, each step more closely approximates natural ecosystems.     

沅江入湖河床沉积物重金属污染演化地球化学分析

对沅江入湖河段河床沉积物进行钻探取样,利用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析沉积物重金属等微量元素的含量,并利用210Pb法测定沉积物沉积速率.同时,在分析沉积物重金属污染特征的基础上,探讨沉积物重金属污染的演化过程.结果表明:沉积物中Bi、Cd、Mn、Mo、Zn、Pb等重金属含量变化大、分布不均匀,而Sc、Tl、Rb、Cs、V、Co、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Ga、Ge、Rb、Sr、REEs(稀土元素)等微量元素含量变化小,分布相对均一.微量元素富集特征(EF值)和主成分分析结果显示,沉积物中Cu、Sc、Tl、Rb、Cs、Th、U、V、Co、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Ga、Ge、Rb、Sr、REE等微量元素主要为自然源,而Bi、Cd、Mn、Zn、Pb等重金属则既有自然源的影响,又有人为源的贡献.地累积指数(Igeo)评价结果显示,入湖段沉积物存在Cd-Mn-Zn-Pb-Bi等元素组合的重金属污染,且沉积物自下而上分布有中深部(204~192 cm)、中上部(96~64 cm)、浅表部(64~0 cm)3个重金属污染层.上述3个重金属污染层可能对应于3个期次的重金属污染事件,即早期(1913年前)的零星重金属污染、中期(建国初期至改革开放初期,1963—1979年)的中等强度重金属污染、近期(1979年至今)高强度重金属污染.且自早期到近期,沉积物重金属污染程度增强,污染元素组合趋于复杂化.沅江入湖河床沉积物的上述3期重金属污染可能对洞庭湖沉积物产生直接影响.     

珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

N-DAMO菌群的富集及其生长代谢影响因子

亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化（N-DAMO）是某些微生物在厌氧条件下以甲烷为电子供体和唯一碳源还原亚硝酸盐（NO₂^-）为氮气（N₂）的过程,为解决废水生物脱氮碳源不足问题提供了新思路.然而,N-DAMO菌群生长缓慢,对环境要求严苛,富集培养难度大,工程应用困难.本文以湿地土壤为菌源,通过强化富集获得一个N-DAMO菌群,并研究了主要环境因子和生长因子对其生长代谢的影响.结果表明,该N-DAMO菌群的NO₂^-还原速率可达0.27 mmol·g^-1·d^-1,其最佳培养条件为35℃、pH 7.5、NO₂^-浓度为2.0 mmol·L^-1和甲烷分压为（P（CH₄））98 kPa等.少量添加维生素液、血红素和甜菜碱等生长因子,均能刺激菌群的代谢活性,使其NO₂^-还原速率分别提高1.32、1.22和1.96倍.本研究有助于进一步了解N-DAMO菌群的生理生态特性,为其工程应用提供参考.     

两种油菜不同铅富集能力差异机理

通过水培试验和大田试验研究了秦油1号（QY-1）和三月黄（SYH）2种油菜对Pb的吸收富集能力,并从叶片的亚细胞结构和抗氧化酶活性等角度探究二者对Pb的耐性和解毒机制.结果表明,在水培条件下,2种油菜的生长均未受到明显的抑制,随着Pb胁迫的增加,油菜吸收的Pb更倾向于分配在根部,减弱向地上部的转运.同时,在高Pb处理浓度（20mg/L）下,SYH的地上部和根部的Pb含量分别比QY-1提高了17.03%和77.07%.油菜叶片中Pb亚细胞区隔化研究结果表明,将Pb区隔在生物解毒组分（金属富集颗粒组分和热稳定蛋白组分）中是油菜富集Pb的重要耐性机制,其中SYH在该组分中Pb的分布显著高于QY-1.此外,抗氧化系统是这2种油菜应对Pb胁迫的重要解毒机制,Pb胁迫下SYH体内过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于QY-1,可更有效地应对Pb胁迫对其的毒害效应.大田试验表明,田间条件下2种油菜吸收的Pb更倾向于转运到地上,且SYH的富集系数、地上部和根部Pb含量均显著高于QY-1.综上,SYH具有更高的Pb富集能力,具有修复中轻度Pb污染土壤的应用潜力.     

洁净环境样本低浓度微生物高效富集检测及应用

为了研究对洁净环境样本的低浓度微生物监测方法,制备了低浓度的革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌各3种,使用修饰后的新型磁珠对模拟样本中的微生物进行富集评价实验.革兰氏染色和菌落计数结果表明,磁珠对3种革兰氏阳性菌和3种阴性菌均具有显著富集浓缩作用,与大肠杆菌相比,磁珠对金黄色葡萄菌的富集浓缩比更高.使用磁珠富集液对自来水、桶装水和瓶装矿泉水中的微生物进行非特异性吸附后,比较上清和磁珠-微生物复合物的细菌16S rDNA基因拷贝数和菌落总数指标,结果表明磁珠对自来水和桶装水中的微生物均具有显著的吸附效果（P<0.01,P<0.001）.通过比较,抽滤法和磁珠法对自来水中的微生物富集效果有差异（P=0.002）,2种方法对桶装水和矿泉水的富集效果无显著差异（P=0.362）.采集实际空气样本进行磁珠富集微生物的菌落计数及细菌16S rDNA基因拷贝数进行分析,磁珠-微生物复合物中的绝对基因拷贝数和菌落总数均显著高于磁分离后上清液中基因拷贝数和菌落计数（P=0.0001）.此方法对微生物具有一定的高效富集作用.     

氧化镁脱硫回收副产品提浓试验研究

本文通过一系列的工业试验对氧化镁湿法烟气脱硫技术中的硫酸镁回收试验进行了研究，结果表明：在烟气氧含量约为14％和吸收液以明流排入塔外吸收液池再循环的情况下，自然氧化和简易强制氧化均能将MgSO4浓度提升至循环温度下的饱和或准饱和浓度；吸收液循环氧化提浓未对脱硫产生负面影响，且脱硫率相对初期有明显提高。