Heavy metal contamination of soil,and bioaccumulation in vegetables irrigated with treated waste water in the tropical city of Varanasi,India

The present study was conducted to determine the heavy metal contamination in soil with accumulation in plants in waste water irrigated areas. Results revealed that waste water contained lower concentrations of Cr, Zn, Cu, and Pb except Cd (0.03) than the permissible limits prescribed by the World Health Organization. The maximum metal concentrations occurred in Brassica oleracea (Zn 63.80, Cu 12.25, Cr 10.65, Pb 3.63, and Cd 0.56 mg Kg^?1).The metal enrichment (EF of Cd 1.9, Cr2.9, Zn 4.8, Cu 6.5, and Pb 15.5) and degree of contamination (CF of Cd 2.9, Cr 2.0, Zn 2.3, Cu 2.7, and Pb 2.2) showed that accumulation of the five toxic metals increased during sewage irrigation as compared with the reference values, other Indian regions and globally. However, based on WHO standards for heavy metal contamination of soil and irrigation water, our data does not ensure safe levels for food.     

密云水库上游某铁矿区土壤重金属含量及形态研究

应用富集因子法(EF)和风险评估编码方法(RAC)对北京市密云水库上游某铁矿矿区及其周边土壤中重金属的分布状况和潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,各重金属元素含量除As外,其余均明显高于北京市土壤重金属背景值,矿区的选冶活动已经对下游的水体和土壤环境造成一定的影响.富集因子法评价表明Cd、Pb、Cr富集较为严重,达到显著污染水平.形态分析表明,残渣态是重金属元素的主要存在形态, Cd元素可交换态所占比例(2.88%~21.15%)最高,RAC评价结果显示Cd基本处于中等风险水平,Pb为无风险,风险等级由强至弱的顺序为:Cd>Mn>Zn>Cu>Co>Cr>Pb.     

佛山市冬季PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征

为了解珠江三角洲典型工业城市佛山冬季大气细颗粒物中重金属元素的污染特征,在佛山的城区(禅城)和城市清洁点(三水)同步采集24h PM2.5样品,分析了16种元素Fe、Ti、Zn、V、Mn、Cu、As、Rb、Sr、Cd、Cs、Ba、Hg、Tl、Pb和Bi的浓度.禅城的重金属处于较高的污染水平,三水重金属元素浓度普遍低于禅城,但Fe、Ti、Sr、Cd的浓度高于禅城.与国家大气颗粒物中重金属浓度标准相比,禅城的As、Cd超标严重,Pb略超标,三水的As、Cd超标严重.Zn、Cu、As、Pb的富集因子均高于10,表明其主要与人类活动导致的污染有关.重金属元素的浓度在灰霾期都有增高的趋势,但各重金属浓度日变化趋势和幅度在禅城较为一致,在三水则不太一致.气团后向轨迹分析表明,研究期间重金属元素的浓度分布受靠近或者始于福建的广东东北方向气团、广福沿岸气团、海洋方向气团和来自江西的气团影响,其中第1类气团主要使得重金属元素浓度提高,后面3类气团均使得重金属浓度下降.     

Cd-Cu-Pb复合污染对芥菜吸收Cd、Cu和Pb及矿质元素的影响

以十字花科的芥菜为材料,通过室内盆栽均匀设计试验,研究了Cd-Cu-Pb复合污染下芥菜对重金属的吸收转运特点以及对矿质元素吸收的影响. 结果表明:3种重金属在芥菜体内积累能力为Cd＞Cu＞Pb;芥菜对Pb、Cd有较强耐性,对高浓度Cu耐性不强. 土壤中重金属的含量是影响芥菜各部分重金属含量的主要因素之一;Cd可抑制芥菜对Pb的吸收和转移,促进Cu向芥菜地上部转移;Cd-Pb复合效应促进了Cd在芥菜体内累积;Cu抑制芥菜吸收Pb;Cu-Pb可促进Cd抑制Cu在芥菜各部的积累. 与对照相比,复合污染显著降低了芥菜对矿质元素的吸收累积,各处理芥菜对Mg、Fe和K的吸收转移特点显示出相似的规律,即地上部w(Mg)远大于地下部而w(Fe)和w(K)为地下部占优. Cd可极大促进芥菜对K的吸收而抑制对Fe的吸收,Cu则阻碍地下部对K的吸收;Cu与Cd-Pb复合效应可抑制K向地上部转移.      

Enrichment of elements in industrial waste incineration bottom ashes obtained from three different types of incinerators,as studied by ICP-AES and ICP-MS

The elemental composition of the industrial waste incineration bottom ash (IWIBA) samples collected from three different types of incinerator with different kinds of wastes were compared. The major-to-ultratrace elements in the IWIBA samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). As a result, ca. 40 elements in the concentration range from milligrams per gram to submicrograms per gram could be determined with relative standard deviations of less than 5%. The IWIBA sample from petrochemical wastes contained lower concentrations of the elements, because fewer mineral constituents were contained in the input waste materials. On the contrary, the elemental concentrations in the IWIBA sample from industrial solid wastes provided the highest values for most elements, while the elemental compositions of the IWIBA sample from food wastes were similar to those of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. In addition, it was found from the analytical results that the levels of various heavy metals such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, As, Zr, Mo, Sb, Ba, and Pb were higher in the IWIBA samples than in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. The enrichment factors of the elements in the IWIBA samples were estimated from the analytical results to compare the elemental distributions in incineration bottom ashes in relation to their mining influence factors, which are the indices for human use of the elements.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in different forest humus types

The behavior of 20 PAH in the organic layers of a L mull, an Of mull and a mor was assessed by a combined approach of a soil profile study, and the analysis of particle-size separates. Increasing PAH concentrations with depth in the mor profile (L, 866 μg kg⁻³; Of, 2902 μg kg⁻¹; Oh, 10489 ug kg⁻¹) were assigned to selective enrichment during organic matter decomposition. PAH were further highly enriched within the finer separates. For the L horizons, significant positive correlations were established between the enrichment of individual PAH (as observed from the decomposition gradient between the >2-mm fraction and the < 0.05-mm fraction), and the K_OW for each compound. The slope of the regression line, m, described the degree of differentiation between low- and high-molecular PAH during litter decomposition. Since m was greatest in the most biologically active humus type (L mull, 0.33) and smallest in the most inactive (mor, 0.20), microbial breakdown was assumed as the dominating process for this differentiation. The results also indicated that decomposition processes had already taken place in the L horizons, leading to morphological and chemical changes of organic matter, and to an enrichment of high molecular PAH.     

Cadmium in aquatic microcosms: Implications for screening the ecological effects of toxic substances

A two-phase set of experiments was conducted to address some of the problems inherent in ecological screening of toxic substances in aquatic microcosms. Phase I was a 4×4 factorial experiment dealing with the interactive effects of cadmium and nutrients in static microcosms. Phase II was a 2×4 factorial experiment using flowthrough microcosms to study temporal aspects of system behavior in response to nutrient loading and chronic versus acute cadmium perturbations. Nutrient enrichment resulted in increased biomass and metabolic activity in both static and flowthrough microcosms. Cadmium treatments generally resulted in a decrease in abundance of grazing crustaceans and a subsequent increase in community respiration, suggesting a change in community structure from a grazing to a detritus food chain. Of the variables measured, community metabolism, community composition, and output/input ratios of nitrate-nitrogen were the most useful indicators of system response to cadmium. Nutrient enrichment significantly influenced cadmium effects with respect to most of the variables measured; high levels of enrichment reduced the effects of cadmium. For screening the ecological effects of toxic chemicals, a series of experiments is proposed, including 1) relatively simple static microcosms, 2) flow through microcosms, and 3) more detailed but selective studies in microcosms derived from specific ecosystems. Each step yields increasingly more information and serves as a guide for subsequent experiments; in addition, each step more closely approximates natural ecosystems.     

七一冰川地区苔藓中重金属元素含量研究

为了研究七一冰川地区大气重金属污染状况,基于2009年7~9月野外考察采样与实验室分析测试,测定了苔藓中Cr、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和稀土元素La的含量,并对七一冰川地区苔藓中Cr、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb的含量特征及可能的来源进行了分析.结果表明,七一冰川地区苔藓中重金属含量较高:Fe含量最高,为15160.00~34960.00μg·g-1,其次是Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、As,含量依次为169.56、134.81、34.52、26.16、9.15μg·g-1.富集系数表明Fe和Cr主要源自地壳尘埃物质,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd在一定程度上受到人为活动干扰,As则中度富集,明显受到人为活动的影响.Hysplit v4.9轨迹模式模拟七一冰川区域气团三维后向轨迹显示,七一冰川区域大气输送季节性明显,春秋两季大气输送源较多;冬夏两季大气主要输送源较少,酒泉嘉峪关等地是七一冰川地区大气污染物的主要输送源.     

兰州市大气降尘重金属污染评价及健康风险评价

为探究大气降尘中重金属污染程度及存在的健康风险,在兰州市设置11个采样点采集大气降尘,分析降尘重金属含量.结果表明,兰州市大气降尘中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Mn含量平均值分别为82.22、130.31、4.34、88.73、40.64、369.23、501.49 mg·kg-1,除Mn以外其他元素在不同功能区差异较大.富集因子分析显示,Mn为轻微富集,Zn、Ni、Cu和Cr富集因子较高,Pb和Cd为极强富集.地积累指数评价平均生态危害表明:Cr在全年无实际污染,Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb浓度处于轻度污染至偏重度污染之间,Cd为严重至极度污染;大气降尘重金属在10月~次年3月污染相对严重,从4~8月污染程度较轻.手-口途径摄入是降尘重金属引起非致癌风险的最主要途径,儿童的非致癌风险大于成人,总非致癌风险次序为Pb>Cr>Cd>Cu>Ni>Zn,所研究重金属非致癌风险都低于风险限值;降尘中的Cr、Cd、Ni通过呼吸途径不具有致癌风险.     

Trace metals in atmospheric fine particles in one industrial urban city: Spatial variations, sources, and health implications

Trace metals in PM2.5were measured at one industrial site and one urban site during September, 2010 in Ji'nan, eastern China. Individual aerosol particles and PM2.5samples were collected concurrently at both sites. Mass concentrations of eleven trace metals(i.e., Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, and Pb) and one metalloid(i.e., As) were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES). The result shows that mass concentrations of PM2.5(130 μg/m3) and trace metals(4.03 μg/m3) at the industrial site were 1.3 times and 1.7 times higher than those at the urban site, respectively, indicating that industrial activities nearby the city can emit trace metals into the surrounding atmosphere. Fe concentrations were the highest among all the measured trace metals at both sites, with concentrations of 1.04 μg/m3at the urban site and 2.41 μg/m3at the industrial site, respectively. In addition, Pb showed the highest enrichment factors at both sites, suggesting the emissions from anthropogenic activities existed around the city. Correlation coefcient analysis and principal component analysis revealed that Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were originated from vehicular trafc and industrial emissions at both sites; As, Cr, and part of Pb from coal-fired power plant; Ba and Ti from natural soil. Based on the transmission electron microscopy analysis, we found that most of the trace metals were internally mixed with secondary sulfate/organic particles. These internally mixed trace metals in the urban air may have diferent toxic abilities compared with externally mixed trace metals.