Elevated CO2 facilitates C and N accumulation in a rice paddy ecosystem

Elevated CO₂ can stimulate wetland carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) exports through gaseous and dissolved pathways, however, the consequent influences on the C and N pools are still not fully known. Therefore, we set up a free-air CO₂ enrichment experiment in a paddy field in Eastern China. After five year fumigation, we studied C and N in the plant–water–soil system. The results showed: (1) elevated CO₂ stimulated rice aboveground biomass and N accumulations by 19.1% and 12.5%, respectively. (2) Elevated CO₂ significantly increased paddy soil TOC and TN contents by 12.5% and 15.5%, respectively in the 0–15 cm layer, and 22.7% and 26.0% in the 15–30 cm soil layer. (3) Averaged across the rice growing period, elevated CO₂ greatly increased TOC and TN contents in the surface water by 7.6% and 11.4%, respectively. (4) The TOC/TN ratio and natural δ¹⁵N value in the surface soil showed a decreasing trend under elevated CO₂. The above results indicate that elevated CO₂ can benefit C and N accumulation in paddy fields. Given the similarity between the paddies and natural wetlands, our results also suggest a great potential for long-term C and N accumulation in natural wetlands under future climate patterns.     

镉对不同生长期籽粒苋植物螯合肽的影响

植物螯合肽（PCs）由于其含有大量的巯基,能够螯合重金属离子,对重金属的积累和解毒起着重要作用.以镉（Cd）富集型植物籽粒苋K472为研究对象,采用土培法,设置6个Cd处理水平为：0（CK）、10（T1）、25（T2）、50（T3）、100（T4）和200 mg·kg^-1（T5）,分析Cd胁迫下营养生长初期、中期和后期的K472植物螯合肽的变化特征,探究植物螯合肽对Cd的螯合解毒机制.结果表明,各生长阶段的K472的株高、根长、生物量随着Cd胁迫含量的升高而下降显著,其降幅随着K472生长发育逐渐降低.而营养生长中期的K472对Cd的富集能力最强,最大Cd富集量为6695.35 mg,最大富集系数为6.3.此外,随着Cd胁迫含量的增加,不同生长阶段的K472根、茎和叶内Cd含量与PCs含量呈显著正相关.其中,根系及茎部中对Cd胁迫响应最强的植物螯合肽为PC3,叶片中对Cd胁迫响应最强的植物螯合肽为PC2.实际应用中,在营养生长中期采收籽粒苋K472可获得更高的修复效率.     

川南山区土壤与农作物重金属特征及成因

土壤及农作物中的重金属超标会影响人类生存环境和身体健康,为研究重金属在川南山区土壤与农作物中的富集特征及成因,以四川省南部山区的沐川县北部为研究区,采集了耕作土壤样品1699件,水稻籽实样品30件,玉米籽实样品31件,茶叶样品15件,对应农作物根系土壤样品76件,应用数理统计、主成分分析、相关分析等技术,研究土壤和农作物中重金属富集特征及成因、重金属在农作物与根系土的相关性.结果表明耕作土壤中重金属含量较高,其算术均值高于全国土壤背景值,且均存在超过风险筛选值采样点,其中Cd超标点数达770个;耕作土壤中重金属主要来源于地质背景,其次受土壤中的有机质及酸碱度和人类活动的影响.农作物中重金属均低于国家标准,农作物对重金属的富集系数总体表现为：茶叶 > 水稻 > 玉米.通过相关分析表明,土壤中重金属总体特征为含量高和活性低,未对3种农作物的质量安全造成影响,而土壤中CaO、Fe₂O₃和MgO对玉米和水稻籽实中重金属含量有一定影响.     

典型矿冶区周边农业用地农产品安全风险及影响因素

土壤重金属污染所引发的农产品安全风险日趋严重.以湖南省某典型矿冶区周边农业用地为研究区域,通过分析土壤及农产品重金属含量,揭示了研究区域农业用地土壤重金属污染特征及农产品安全风险,并应用主成分分析及相关性分析手段探明了主要影响因素.结果表明,研究区土壤主要重金属污染物为Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn,平均含量分别为9.12、358、303和185 mg ·kg^-1,pH值范围为4.67~7.22,严格管控类别占比达100%;同种农产品对不同重金属元素的富集情况不同,重金属含量总体表现为：Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd,富集系数（BCF）值为：Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb,其中农产品Pb和Cd超标现象较为严重,超标率分别达78%和41%,具有较高的食用安全风险;不同种类农产品对同一种金属元素富集情况总体表现为叶菜类高于薯类和茄果类;农产品重金属含量可以由2个主成分反映,主成分1方差贡献率高达88.0%,主要受土壤重金属影响（P<0.01）;富集特征除受农产品种类影响外,还可由土壤pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）和有机质（SOM）含量进行调控（r为-0.407~-0.641,P<0.05）.结果表明,研究区农业用地土壤和农产品均存在多种重金属复合污染,农产品安全风险较高,须规避农作物种植,对污染土壤采取一定的修复管控措施以降低相应风险.     

模拟降雨条件下生物可利用磷在地表径流中的流失和预测

本文通过模拟降雨径流实验,运用两种生物可利用磷（ＢＡＰ）的化学浸提方法,在１．２ｍｍ．ｍｉｎ＾－１的大暴雨条件下,研究在施肥在未施肥两种情况下,ＢＡＰ的径流流失方式和过程,并建立模型ＢＡＰ的预测。结果表明,运用两种ＢＡＰ的化学浸提的结果差异性不显著（ｐ＝０．０５）,并具１：１的线性相关关系;ＢＡＰ的流失通过溶解态磷（ＤＰ）和颗粒态生物可利用磷（ＢＰＰ）两种形态方式,随着降雨径流时间的延长,累积的Ｂ     

北京市冬季气溶胶的污染特征及来源分析

于2004年1月在中国科学院大气物理研究所气象观测塔院内进行了PM10的采样分析.结果表明,北京市冬季气溶胶浓度有明显的昼夜变化特征,峰值与交通和生活排放源有关;气溶胶元素浓度分析表明,北京市除受局地排放源影响外,还受远距离输送的影响;与1983 年相比,北京市冬季人为污染明显增加, 自然沙尘污染有减少的趋势.     

Distribution, Enrichment and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Coastal Sediments of Salina Cruz Bay, México

Surface sediment samples collected from the Salina Cruz Bay in the last twenty years, were analyzed for the total available trace elements (Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, V, and Zn) to evaluate metal contamination due to possible anthropogenic inputs. Normalization of metals to iron and fine-grained fraction (< 63 μm) indicated relatively high enrichment factors for lead during the last two decades. Sediment Quality Guidelines suggest that lead must be considered as a chemical of potential concern in the marine and estuarine ecosystem. Concentration levels of lead ranged from 5–124 μg/g, while Ni and V below 70 and 30 μg/g, respectively. Geoaccumulation and enrichment factors for the rest of elements show comparable values to those reported for sites with similar activities in the world. Spatial distribution suggests that in addition to harbor activities, a transboundary source for Pb must account for the observed trends.     

Spatial Variability and Monitoring of Pb Contamination of Farming Soils Affected by Industry

In this study, the relationship between some physico-chemical properties of soils and lead contamination in soil due to emission from industrial operations in Samsun province of Turkey was investigated. The extent of timely contamination was studied by comparing the obtained results with the results of the study conducted in the same region in 1998. An area of 225 km² (15 km × 15 km), which was divided into 1000 × 1000 m grid squares (16 lines in the east and south directions), was selected within the industrial area. The total of 256 grid points was obtained and soil samples were collected from three depths (0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm) of each grid center in 2004. The total Pb concentrations of soil samples were determined as 65.84–527.04 μg g⁻¹ at 0–5 cm in depth, 58.50 – 399.54 μg g⁻¹ at 5–15 cm in depth, and 44.65–330.07 μg g⁻¹ at 15–30 cm in depth. DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations of soils were found to be in the range of 1.52–9.03 μg g⁻¹, 0.54–7.09 μg g⁻¹, 0.19–6.13 μg g⁻¹ at 0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm depths, respectively. There were significant relationships between both total or DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations and selected physico-chemical properties of soil. According to enrichment factor (EF) values calculated from the total Pb concentrations, 11.3% of the study area (225 km²) was enriched with Pb in high level, but 77% of the area was in significant enrichment level with Pb. The average total and DTPA-extractable Pb concentrations increased as 11 and 13%, respectively in comparison with the results of 1998.     

2017~2018年冬季菏泽大气PM2.5中金属元素特征及健康风险评估

于山东省菏泽市采集了2017年10月15日至2018年1月31日期间菏泽学院、华润制药和污水处理厂共3个采样点的大气PM_2.5样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定PM_2.5中21种金属元素的浓度,并讨论元素富集程度、评估重金属的健康风险和潜在生态风险.结果表明,采样期间3个采样点中ρ（PM_2.5）范围为26.7~284.1 μg·m^-3且浓度值差别不大,均处于较高污染水平;3个采样点金属元素中K浓度最高,分别占总量的31.03%、39.47%和38.43%,主要由于菏泽作为较大农业城市,其秋冬季生物质燃烧贡献率较高;3个采样点微量元素中ρ（Zn）最高,分别为89.70、84.21和67.68 ng·m^-3.富集因子结果表明,Zn、Pb、Sn、Sb、Cd和Se的富集因子值均高于100,其中Cd和Se的富集因子分别高于2 000和4 000,受人为活动影响显著,可能与工业生产、金属冶炼、道路源和燃煤排放等有关.健康风险结果表明,As存在一定的潜在非致癌风险（儿童和成人HQ>0.1）,3个采样点对儿童和成人均存在综合潜在非致癌风险（HI>0.1）和一定的潜在致癌风险（CRT>1×10^-6）,其中污水处理厂对成人的致癌风险较为显著（CRT>1×10^-4）,成人的致癌风险略高于儿童可能与成人室外活动时间较长和PM_2.5暴露量更高有关.潜在生态风险值最高的元素为Cd、As和Pb,其中Cd表现为极高的潜在生态风险,应引起重视;3个采样点均呈现出极高的综合潜在生态风险,强度在空间上表现为：菏泽学院>华润制药>污水处理厂.     

六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)异构体和对映体在白洋淀土壤和植物中的选择性富集与传输

利用高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱分析了白洋淀土壤和植物中六溴环十二烷（HBCDs）异构体和对映体的选择性富集分布及传输特征.土壤和植物样品中ΣHBCD浓度分别为1.32~8.25 ng·g^-1（干重）和N.d.~2.18 ng·g^-1（干重）;在采蒲台（CPT）、圈头（QT）和范峪淀（FYD）检测到的污染物浓度较高,表明南部土壤污染较北部严重;与国内外其他区域相比,白洋淀地区HBCDs的污染水平相对较低.淀区HBCDs的富集存在显著的异构体和对映体选择性行为,γ-HBCD和α-HBCD分别是土壤和植物中的主要异构体,平均百分比贡献率分别为68.24%和44.10%;在多数土壤和植物样品中均表现出（-）-HBCD比（+）-HBCD更易于被选择性富集.ΣHBCD从土壤到植物根系的传输RCFs（根富集因子）为0.12~0.93,其中泥胡草对HBCDs的富集能力最强,荠菜最弱;植物根部到地上部的传输系数（TFs）为0.09~0.81,植物茎向传输能力为补血草 > 牛筋草 > 荠菜 > 泥胡草.HBCDs异构体在土壤-植物体系的RCFs与log K_ow,TFs与log K_ow之间均未发现显著的相关性,可能是由于植物物种的差异和复杂的真实环境的影响.本研究首次为白洋淀淀区土壤-植物体系中HBCDs的污染及其立体选择性行为提供依据,对该地区综合评估其生态安全风险和持久性有机污染物（POPs）的污染防治具有重要意义.