瓦斯爆炸中的火球伤害效应

针对瓦斯爆炸事故3种危害中的高温热辐射伤害进行研究,结合火灾爆炸事故中的火球热辐射的传播公式,得出适合井下瓦斯爆炸事故的火球传播规律公式.依据该公式划分了瓦斯爆炸事故中火球热辐射的死亡、重伤、轻伤的半径公式,为瓦斯爆炸事故安全评价提供了理论基础.     

放射性气溶胶的净化

介绍了放射性气溶胶的国内外研究现状,包括放射性气溶胶的特性、净化技术、净化效果测定和评价等方面的研究现状.针对放射性气溶胶组分、粒径分布的研究,为放射性气溶胶收集效率的研究提供理论支撑.结合净化技术的发展现状,使净化技术在放射性气溶胶领域的工程应用中得到优化,更有效地减少放射性气溶胶对人类及环境的危害.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of surface sediments and oysters from the inter-tidal areas of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Surface sediment and oyster samples from the inter-tidal areas of Dar es Salaam were analyzed for 23 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including the 16 compounds prioritized by US-EPA using GC/MS. The total concentration of PAHs in the sediment ranged from 78 to 25,000 ng/g dry weight, while oyster concentrations ranged from 170 to 650 ng/g dry weight. Hazards due to sediment contamination were assessed using Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Benchmarks and Threshold Effect Levels. Diagnostic indices and principle component analysis were used to identify possible sources. Interestingly, no correlation between sediment and oyster concentrations at the same sites was found. This is supported by completely different contamination patterns, suggesting different sources for both matrices. Hazard assessment revealed possible effects at six out of eight sites on the benthic communities and oyster populations. The contribution of PAH intake via oyster consumption to carcinogenic risks in humans seems to be low.     

A new challenge—development of test systems for the infochemical effect

Background, aim, and scope

Many—if not all—organisms depend on so-called infochemicals, chemical substances in their surroundings which inform the receivers about their biotic and abiotic environment and which allow them to react adequately to these signals. Anthropogenic substances can interfere with this complex chemical communication system. This finding is called infochemical effect. So far, it is not known to what extent anthropogenic discharges act as infochemicals and influence life and reproduction of organisms in the environment because adequate testing methods to identify chemicals which show the infochemical effect and to quantify their effects have not been developed yet. The purpose of this article is to help and find suitable test designs.

Main features

Test systems used in basic research to elucidate the olfactory cascade and the communication of environmental organisms by infochemicals are plentiful. Some of them might be the basis for a quantified ecotoxicological analysis of the infochemical effect. In principle, test systems for the infochemical effect could be developed at each step of the chemosensory signal transduction and processing cascade.

Results

Experimental set-ups were compiled systematically under the aspect whether they might be usable for testing the infochemical effect of single chemicals in standardized quantifying laboratory experiments. For an appropriate ecotoxicological assessment of the infochemical effect, experimental studies of many disciplines, such as molecular biology, neurobiology, physiology, chemical ecology, and population dynamics, should be evaluated in detail before a decision can be made which test system, respectively which test battery, might be suited best. The test systems presented here are based on the knowledge of the genetic sequences for olfactory receptors, binding studies of odorants, signal transmission, and reactions of the receivers on the level of the organisms or the populations. The following basic approaches are conceivable to identify the role of an infochemical: binding studies to the odorant-binding protein or to the odorant receptor binding protein (e.g., by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies), measurement of electrical signals of the receptor cells in the tissue (e.g., electroolfactograms, electroantennograms), registration of phenotypic changes (e.g., observation under the microscope), behavioral tests (e.g., in situ online biomonitoring, use of T-shaped olfactometers, tests of avoidance responses), measurement of population changes (e.g., cell density or turbidity measurements), and multispecies tests with observation of community structure and community function. The main focus of this study is on aquatic organisms.

Discussion

It is evident that the infochemical effect is a very complex sublethal endpoint, and it needs further studies with standardized quantitative methods to elucidate whether and to what extent the ecosystem is affected. The collection of approaches presented here is far from being complete but should serve as a point of depart for further experimental research.

Conclusions

This article is the first to compare various approaches for testing the infochemical effect. The development of a suitable test system will not be easy as there are a multitude of relevant chemicals, a multitude of relevant receptors, and a multitude of relevant reactions, and it must be expected that the effective concentrations are very low. The chemical communication is of utmost importance for the ecosystem and justifies great endeavors to find solutions to these technical problems.

Recommendations and perspectives

The infochemical effect is a new chapter in ecotoxicology. Will a new endpoint, the so-called infochemical effect, be required in addition to the actual standard test battery of Annex 5 to Commission Directive 92/69/EEC (EC 1992)? Finding the answer to this question is a big challenge that could be met by a comprehensive research project.     

水罗兰对不同密度铜绿微囊藻抑制作用的研究

通过水罗兰与铜绿微囊藻共培养12 d,研究了水罗兰对低密度、高密度的铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用.结果表明,铜绿微囊藻初始光密度(OD680)分别为0.026、0.257时,水罗兰可显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,使其OD680降低.水质检测结果显示,培养过程中共培养液营养盐浓度一直处于较高水平,铜绿微囊藻OD680降低及生长停滞并非因营养不足所引起.通过实验证实了水罗兰可作为铜绿微囊藻水华控制的生态修复物种.     

Air ventilation impacts of the “wall effect” resulting from the alignment of high-rise buildings

The objective of this study is to investigate the air ventilation impacts of the so called “wall effect” caused by the alignment of high-rise buildings in complex building clusters. The research method employs the numerical algorithm of computational fluid dynamics (CFD – FLUENT) to simulate the steady-state wind field in a typical Hong Kong urban setting and investigate pollutant dispersion inside the street canyon utilizing a pollutant transport model. The model settings of validation study were accomplished by comparing the simulation wind field around a single building block to wind tunnel data. The results revealed that our model simulation is fairly close to the wind tunnel measurements. In this paper, a typical dense building distribution in Hong Kong with 2 incident wind directions (0° and 22.5°) is studied. Two performance indicators are used to quantify the air ventilation impacts, namely the velocity ratio (VR) and the retention time (T_r) of pollutants at the street level. The results indicated that the velocity ratio at 2 m above ground was reduced 40% and retention time of pollutants increased 80% inside the street canyon when high-rise buildings with 4 times height of the street canyon were aligned as a “wall” upstream. While this reduction of air ventilation was anticipated, the magnitude is significant and this result clearly has important implications for building and urban planning.     

沈抚灌渠污水预处理实验研究

以砾石为填料采用生物滤池法和以纤维束为填料采用生物接触氧化法,分别预处理沈抚灌渠污水。试验结果表明,在水力停留时间在3．5h,控制气水比分别为5：1和4：1的反应条件下,砾石填料对COD和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为53．9％和53．6％;纤维束软填料对COD和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为55．7％和47．7％。前者对COD和NH3-N的处理效果都达到了预定要求,而后者对NH3-N的处理效果没有达到要求。     

高层建筑电梯活塞效应及烟气控制分析

在电梯运行活塞效应及其对火灾烟气影响理论分析基础上,分析电梯井和前室加压及压力波动情况;结合高层建筑烟控系统的原理,通过合理的压差设计,可保证电梯系统在最大容许压差和最小容许压差之间正常工作。通过对活塞效应及其对电梯与建筑空间之间压差影响的分析发现,极限状态下烟气可能卷入电梯井和前室,对人员的疏散造成威胁,提出了控制活塞效应影响的上限临界压差。研究表明,合理的排气泄压系统、气压式挡烟系统、可变送风系统及火灾层带通风排烟设施的系统等均能对火灾烟气进行有效控制,提高电梯疏散的安全性。研究所得的结论为火灾中利用电梯进行疏散提供了理论指导及一种烟气控制的方法。     

安全生产效益的分析评价及其与安全投入的关系

通过把握和界定安全效益、安全投入等反映安全生产的经济活动特征和规律的经济学范畴的内涵,指出从企业的经营利润指标上看安全投入不能带来直接经济效益,只产生远期(长远)的、潜在的间接性效益,包括间接经济效益和非经济效益,安全投入的效益具有间接性、潜在性、隐形性、不确定性和迟滞性。由于生产安全事故风险不可能为零,当事故预防水平达到一定程度(可接受的程度及其以下)时,通过增加经济投入提高预防水平而对于事故风险的削减无明显的效果,就应考虑与经济效益的结合问题。笔者提出安全投入数量限度问题和安全投入的阈值;并进一步建立安全效益评价模型和安全投入与安全指标的函数关系模型,对安全投入与安全水平(安全指标)、安全效益的关联关系进行了定性分析。     

国内外企业安全培训调查及模式的探讨

分析了国际劳工组织、日本和德国企业"双元制"培训模式的基本要点和我国"系统型"、"过渡型"、"组合型"、"发展型"、"顾问型"、"索罗门型"和"螺旋型"企业培训模式的基本要点;以国内大型、中型和小型企业为对象,对2007年和2008年的调查数据进行统计分析,根据"企业"与"个人"对安全培训的响应,揭示了不同企业当前的安全培训现状。结果表明:企业安全培训在借鉴国外先进经验的基础上,逐步趋于规模化、规范化,形成了安全知识结构、安全综合能力、安全管理技能、事故应急救援等方面的复合培训模式;实现了高层次管理人员对安全培训的认同达95%以上,员工对安全培训的认同达89%以上;使员工的安全意识、安全价值观、工作态度和工作技能得以提升,其在工作岗位上的表现达到安全要求,并为企业创造更多的效益。同时笔者还对当前我国企业安全培训工作存在的问题提出了改进意见,对今后各类企业安全培训具有参考价值和借鉴作用。