草坪小绿叶蝉空间分布格局分析

用聚集度指标法、Iwao法、Taylor法对草坪小绿叶蝉的空间分布格局进行测定检验.结果表明,聚集度指标C>1、CA>0、Iw>1、1>0、K>0,说明小绿叶蝉在高羊茅草坪空间分布为聚集格局.拟合的回归方程为m<'*>=3.34710+1.58901x(r=0.8159)和lg(S<'2>)=0.67200+1.24334lg x(r=0.9640),说明小绿叶蝉在草坪上呈聚集分布,分布的基本成份为个体群,而且个体间相互吸引.     

专业大类招生环境下高职环境类专业人才培养模式的探索

在分析专业大类招生的特点及社会对环境类专业人才需求的基础上,提出了高职环境类专业进行专业大类招生的可行性,并以中国环境管理干部学院环境污染治理技术类专业为例,对专业大类招生环境条件下高职环境类专业"大平台教育、分方向培养、模块化管理"的培养模式进行了分析探讨。     

城市风暴潮灾害快速评估的模糊决策方法——以厦门市为例

综合考虑了反映风暴潮灾害的自然特征和社会属性的4个指标,将其作为评估指标,建立了基于模糊决策的风暴潮发生过程中城市灾害的快速评估模型,并以街道为最小评估单元,对厦门市进行了一次模拟风暴潮的灾害综合快速评估。由于模型考虑了少量具有代表性的因素,故能保证评估过程的快速性、评估结果的时效性,能为政府在有限的时间和资源下做出救灾减灾的优先工作策略提供决策依据。     

基于层次分析法的应急物资储备方式研究

科学合理的应急物资储备是有效应对突发事件的重要保障。在综合考虑影响应急物资储备的主要因素的基础上,将应急物资分5类;界定了3类应急物资储备方式;采用层次分析对应急物资的储备方式进行了研究,结果表明,不同类型应急物资的储备方式有较大差别,食品药品类物资应以合同储备和生产能力储备为主;应急救援类物资应以实物储备为主;灾民安置类物资应以实物储备和生产能力储备为主;基础保障类物资应以实物储备和合同储备为主;大型设备类物资主要采用合同储备;从总体上来说,应急物资储备需要采用全面综合储备的方式,而不能偏颇。     

基于非共性因子和定量化的滑坡危险性分级评价

滑坡致灾因子的选取和定量化研究是滑坡危险性分级评价的关键技术。滑坡危险性分级评价因子包括共性因子和非共性因子,共性因子在评价中定量化指标具有一致性,不能反映在滑坡个体评价体系中的差异。根据万州滑坡监测预警资料,选取了地层倾角、坡度、高差和滑坡长度与宽度的比值4个非共性因子作为滑坡危险性分级评价因子,运用Lognormal分布模型,建立了评价因子的定量化评价指标。根据建立的5级评价指标体系对万州滑坡资料进行了验证,中危险性以上的滑坡占滑坡总数的95.8%,其中高危险性和极高危险性占74.1%。研究结果表明,该研究方法的评价因子可靠性好,易于测量和获取,可应用于区域滑坡群策群防灾害点的危险性分级评价和滑坡危险性区划。     

汶川地震次生灾害提取——面向对象影像分类技术的应用

遥感技术可快速准确地提取滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、堰塞湖等次生灾害信息。面向对象影像分类技术主要通过多尺度分割,并根据对象的特征进行模糊分类,可以很好的利用影像上下文信息,提高分类精度,与传统方法相比优势明显。利用汶川地震的震前、震后的福卫二号等数据进行研究,使用面向对象方法对北川附近灾情进行了变化检测分析;并结合DEM数据对唐家山堰塞湖璇坪乡区域震后初期的水体面积和蓄水增量进行了分析。在此基础上,总结了提取地震次生灾害的关键技术和工作流程。实验结果表明,应用面向对象的变化检测方法提取地震次生灾害可以取得很好的结果。     

非政府组织(NGO)灾后援助联动的综合集成模式

在全球化趋势日益加强和公民社会的作用不断增大的大背景下,国际性的NG0救灾同样是全球化的重要表现.如何应对这一情况,是中国政府和中国民间组织必须面对的问题.尽管NGO在世界上很多灾难性事件中都发挥了重要的作用,但仍然存在许多问题.NGO要解决灾后援助过程中产生的问题,必须改变传统的管理方式与合作模式,加强NGO之间的沟...     

Intertype mark correlation function: A new tool for the analysis of species interactions

The spatial pattern of the different species in complex ecosystems reflects the underlying ecological processes. In this paper a second order moment function is proposed and tested to analyse the spatial distribution of a mark, which could be a tree characteristic such as diameter or height, between two different types of points, which could be two different tree species. The proposed function was a conditional density function based on the intertype K_rs(d) function, incorporating as test function the correlation of the marks between pairs composed of points of different types. The results obtained in simulated and real plots prove that the function is capable of revealing the scale at which spatial correlation of the mark between two types of points exists. The proposed function allows the spatial association between individuals of different species at different life stages to be identified. This analysis may reveal information on species ecology and interspecific interactions in forest ecosystems.     

Monitoring and estimating the flow conditions and fish presence probability under various flow conditions at reach scale using genetic algorithms and kriging methods

The combination of current velocity and water depth influences stream flow conditions, and fish activities prefer particular flow conditions. This study develops a novel optimal flow classification method for identifying types of stream flow based on the current velocity and the water depth using a genetic algorithm. It is applied to the Datuan stream in northern Taiwan. Fish were sampled and their habitat investigated at the study site during the spring, summer, fall and winter of 2008-2009. The current velocity, water depth and maps of the presence probability of fish were estimated by ordinary and indicator kriging. The optimal classification results were compared with the classification results obtained using the Froude number and empirical methods. The flow classification results demonstrate that the proposed optimal flow classification method that considers depth-velocity and optimally identified criteria for classifying flow types, yields a current velocity and water depth of 0.32 (m/s) and 0.29 (m), respectively, and classifies the flow conditions in the study area as pool, run, riffle and slack. The variography results of the current velocity and the water depth data reveal that seasonal flows are not spatially stationary among seasons in the study area. Kriging methods and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (River 2D) with empirical and optimal flow classification methods are more effective than the Froude number method in classifying flow conditions in the study area. The flow condition classifications and probability maps were generated by River 2D, ordinary kriging and indicator kriging, to quantify the flow conditions preferred by Sicyopterus japonicus in the study area. However, the proposed optimal classification method with kriging and River 2D is an effective alternative method for mapping flow conditions and determining the relationship between flow and the presence probability of target fish in support of stream restoration.     

Classification of the Substances on the Basis of the Acute-Toxic-Class Method (ATC)

The acute-toxic-class method (ATC) is an alternative to the classical LD₅₀ test. Four substances were tested with an ATC testing procedure. The results were compared with LD₅₀ data obtained from the literature. Great importance was attached to the observations of toxic signs following administration. The results of this study have shown that the ATC method allows allocation to toxicity classes in the same manner as on the basis of the classical LD₅₀ tests. The ATC method uses fewer animals and yields the same information on toxic signs. Introducing the ATC method into the quality system allows estimating the acute oral toxicity of chemicals according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD; OECD, 1992, 1996).