Implications of human value shift and persistence for biodiversity conservation

Large‐scale change in human values and associated behavior change is believed by some to be the ultimate solution to achieve global biodiversity conservation. Yet little is known about the dynamics of values. We contribute to this area of inquiry by examining the trajectory of values affecting views of wildlife in North America. Using data from a 19‐state study in the United States and global data from the Schwartz Value Survey, we explored questions of value persistence and change and the nature of attitudinal responses regarding wildlife conservation issues. We found support, based on subjects’ ancestry, for the supposition that domination is a prevalent American value orientation toward wildlife that has origins in European Judeo‐Christian traditions. Independent of that effect, we also found indications of change. Modernization is contributing to a shift from domination to mutualism value orientations, which is fostering attitudes less centered on human interests and seemingly more consistent with a biocentric philosophy. Our findings suggest that if value shift could be achieved in a purposeful way, then significant and widespread behavior change believed necessary for long‐term conservation success may indeed be possible. In particular, greater emphasis on mutualism values may help provide the context for more collaborative approaches to support future conservation efforts. However, given the societal forces at play, it is not at all clear that human‐engineered value shift is tenable. Instead of developing strategies aimed at altering values, it may be more productive to create strategies that recognize and work within the boundaries of existing values. Whereas values appear to be in a period of flux, it will be difficult to predict future trends without a better understanding of value formation and shift, particularly under conditions of rapid social‐ecological change.     

Fuzzy experts on recreational vessels, a risk modelling approach for marine invasions

Understanding risks from the human-mediated spread of non-indigenous species (NIS) is a critical component of marine biosecurity management programmes. Recreational boating is well-recognised as a NIS pathway, especially at a regional scale. Assessment of risks from this pathway is therefore desirable for coastal environments where recreational boating occurs. However, formal or quantitative risk assessment for the recreational vessel pathway is often hampered by lack of data, hence often relies on expert opinion. The use of expert opinion itself is sometimes limited by its inherent vagueness, which can be an important source of uncertainty that reduces the validity and applicability of the assessment. Fuzzy logic, specifically interval type-2 fuzzy logic, is able to model and propagate this type of uncertainty, and is a useful technique in risk assessment where expert opinion is relied upon. The present paper describes the implementation of a NIS fuzzy expert system (FES) for assessing the risk of invasion in marine environments via recreational vessels. The FES was based on expert opinion gathered through systematic elicitation exercises, designed to acknowledge important uncertainty sources (e.g., underspecificity and ambiguity). The FES, using interval type-2 fuzzy logic, calculated an invasion risk value (integrating NIS infection and detection probabilities) for a range of invasion scenarios. These scenarios were defined by all possible combinations of two vessel types (moored and trailered), five vessel components (hull, deck, internal spaces, anchor, fishing gear), two infection modes (fouling, water/sediment retention) and six frequently visited marine habitats (marina, mooring, farm, ramp, wharf, anchorage). Although invasion risk values determined using the FES approach was scenario-specific, general patterns were identified. Moored vessels consistently showed higher invasion risk values than trailered vessels. Invasion risk values were higher for anchorages, moorings and wharves. Similarly, hull-fouling was revealed as the highest infection risk mode after pooling results across all habitats. The NIS fuzzy expert system presented here appears as a valuable prioritising and decision-making tool for NIS research, prevention and control activities. Its easy implementation and wide applicability should encourage the development and application of this type of system as an integral part of biosecurity, and other environmental management plans.     

水体pH值时空变化条件下絮凝除藻剂的pH值优化

研究了由光照、水深等造成的水体pH值变化对絮凝剂除藻效果的影响,并监测絮凝前后不同深度的水体pH值。结果表明:1)当水体pH值无垂向分层,但随光照在8.5~10.5变化时,表层水体终点pH值为5.8~7.9,除藻效率均高于80%,此时中下层水体pH值为5.4~8.0;2)当水体pH值有垂向分层,表层水体终点pH值为7.0~7.3时,除藻效率均高于80%,此时中下层水体pH值为7.0~7.1;3)水池实验中,当表层水体终点pH为6.8时,除藻率高达99.33%,此时中下层水体pH值为7.0~7.1,池水清澈见底。上述结果说明:不论水体pH值是否垂向分层,控制表层水体终点pH值为6.8~7.3时既能有效除藻,也不会使底层水体pH值过低;水体pH值有垂向分层时,絮凝剂的pH值应高于无垂向分层时的情况。     

基于神经网络的碳排放预测及影响因素分析

基于新疆1995—2014年农业生产碳排放源,建立碳排放关系数据库。应用广义神经网络(generalized regression neural network,GRNN)构建了排放量预测模型,结合平均影响值(mean impact value,MIV)方法对碳排放影响因素进行量化。结果表明:1)GRNN模型预测碳排放的平均绝对百分误差和拟合优度分别为2.7860%和0.8720;2)新疆人口、人均GDP、农业贡献值、农机总动力和农户固定资产投资等因素对农业生产碳排放的影响程度分别为0.6210、0.2377、0.3698、0.8500和0.1000。该成果可为新疆碳排放总量分析和影响因素量化方面提供参考。     

基于生态系统服务功能的城市规划研究

健康的生态系统是城市可持续发展的重要基础,生态系统服务功能及价值评估是评价生态系统的重要指标,森林、草地、湿地等生态系统在调节气候、保持土壤、涵养水源等方面具有重要作用.以宁波市北仑区为例,应用市场价值化方法粗略地分析了该区域的生态系统服务功能现状,结果表明,13年间北仑区的生态服务价值下降11.35%,其中,草地的生态服务价值下降最快,降幅达79.84%.从生态经济学角度阐释森林等生态系统在城市开发建设中的重要性.     

浙中典型富硒土壤区土壤硒含量的影响因素探讨

通过对浙江省中部典型富硒土壤区的系统调查研究,总结了影响土壤硒含量的主要因素.结果表明,地质背景对土壤硒含量有控制作用,汤溪组、之江组和金华组分布区的土壤硒含量明显高于其他地质背景区.研究同时发现,土地利用方式对土壤硒的迁移富集有不可忽视的影响,旱地土壤比水田土壤更易富集硒元素.由于土壤有机质对硒的吸附与固定作用,致使其成为影响硒含量的重要因素之一.除此之外,研究认为土壤质地也是影响土壤硒含量的重要因素,土壤中黏粒含量越多,越黏重,硒含量往往较高.     

摩擦清洗修复铅污染土壤的参数优化及清洗效率评价

采用摩擦清洗法修复铅污染场地土壤,主要目的是将细颗粒和铅污染物从砂粒表面去除.通过正交实验优化清洗参数,并对3份不同铅含量土壤进行摩擦清洗实验.优化的清洗参数为:水土比70%干物质、温度25℃、搅拌时间30 min、搅拌速率1 200 r.mim-1.摩擦清洗前土壤经过筛分化验分析表明,3份土壤铅主要富集在砂粒和粉黏粒中;铅的分布与有机质有极大相关性.结果表明,经过摩擦清洗后,3份原状铅污染土壤砂粒的清洗效率分别为:67.61%、31.71%、41.01%,摩擦清洗从砂粒表面去除一部分细粒土壤和铅污染物,使铅浓缩至粉黏粒中;扫描电镜(SEM)分析表明,摩擦清洗后砂粒表面变光滑.以上结论说明摩擦清洗对于铅污染场地的砂粒土壤具有较好的清洗效果.     

基于熵权的长沙市城市生态安全综合评估与预测

城市是一个社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,区域资源与城市自然系统是城市社会经济发展的重要基础和载体。城市生态安全评估是对未来的安全状态进行预测,以实现城市的可持续发展。文章以长沙市为例,在城市生态安全主要影响因素识别的基础上,应用PSR模型、熵权法等建立城市生态安全评估指标及计算方法,研究了长沙市近11年来生态安全的变化趋势。研究结果表明,1999-2009年间长沙生态安全的趋势由较不安全向较安全状态发展,生态安全值从25.4提高到60.7,人文环境响应是长沙生态安全改善的主导因素,资源环境压力,水土资源保持是限制长沙市生态安全的主要因素。     

咸潮预警值设定的研究

为研究咸潮预警,上海某饮用水源地安装了蓝色卫士水质综合预警系统。采用实验室配制人工海水模拟减潮,通过动态实验研究蓝色卫士的成潮预警值。试验证明,成潮预警值设定范围为1．6～1．8较好。经过连续1a自动监测,蓝色卫士共准确预警预报两次成潮,成功保障了该水源地的饮水安全。     

水中总氮空白的影响因素的探讨

本研究以水中总氮空白值为研究对象,不同厂家的过硫酸钾和不同试验用水条件下的总氮空白的变化规律。研究结果表明：无氨水和二次水蒸出来的总氮空白明显低于一次水蒸出来的总氮空白;这跟蒸馏水纯度有关系,一次水含有氨,所以消解时蒸馏水中的氨会被氧化,从而导致空白值偏高。同样有的厂家的过硫酸钾纯度不高,所以导致空白值高。