Transfer of powders into flammable solvents overview of explosion hazards and preventive measures

This paper evaluates and analyses the explosion hazards associated with transfer operations of powders into large containers, hoppers and reactors, which may also contain flammable solvent vapours. The formation and characteristics of explosive atmospheres and the occurrence of process inherent ignition sources, such as static electricity are described. The most commonly applied preventive measures and technical equipment are outlined and discussed including their advantages and disadvantages.     

间苯二甲酸二甲酯磺酸钠生产废水的综合利用

介绍了用溶剂析出法分离间苯二甲酸二甲酯磺酸钠生产废水中硫酸钠和间苯二甲酸二甲酯磺酸钠的新工艺。采用该工艺可回收废水中90％的硫酸钠和80％的间苯二甲酸二甲酯磺酸钠,经济效益显著。     

含铬电镀废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的萃取分离研究

用体积分数为40％的磷酸三丁酯－煤油溶液为萃取剂,采用溶液萃取法处理含铬[Cr(Ⅵ）]电镀废水。预先调节废水中Cr(Ⅵ）的质量浓度约为100mg/L,溶液酸度为1．3－1．5mol/L,相比为1∶2,振荡时间为35min,于室温下进行二级萃取处理,Cr(Ⅵ）的萃取率可达到99％以上。萃余液中Cr(Ⅵ）的残余质量浓度降至0．5mg/L以下,达到国家排放标准。对负载有机相用质量分数为10％的Na2SO3溶液进行反萃,即可得到再生,循环使用。     

有机溶剂和变性剂对枯草芽胞杆菌溶栓酶活性的影响

以枯草芽胞杆菌LD-8547菌株发酵液为材料,提取分离溶栓酶,研究了几种有机溶剂及变性剂对枯草杆菌溶栓酶活性的影响.结果表明,甲醇对溶栓酶表现为抑制作用,在10%-15%浓度范围时,其抑制作用最强;乙醇在5%～15%浓度范围内对酶活有激活作用,但随浓度的增大则转变为较强的抑制作用;正丁醇和异丙醇对酶活力则表现出强烈的抑制作用;丙三醇对酶活力有轻微的抑制作用,随着浓度增加抑制作用逐渐增强;异戊醇在5%～15%浓度范围内有一定的激活作用,但当浓度大于15%时则表现为抑制作用.醛类对酶活也有较强的抑制作用;丙酮、DMSO、DMF、SDS和异氰硫酸胍对酶活均有不同程度的抑制作用;脲浓度＜0.01 mmol/L时略有激活作用,随浓度增大转变为抑制作用.实验同时对EDTA在不同浓度和不同时间内对酶活力的影响进行了研究,结果表明,浓度＜2mmol/L的EDTA基本不影响酶活力,但随着浓度的增大,其抑制作用明显增大.本实验还以牛血为材料,对酶液进行了体外抗血凝和溶血栓实验,结果表明,该酶具有抗血凝和溶血栓效果.     

Laboratory-scale column study for remediation of TCE-contaminated aquifers using three-section controlled-release potassium permanganate barriers

A laboratory-scale study with a sand column was designed to simulate trichloroethylene(TCE) pollution in the aquifer environment with three-section controlled-release potassium permanganate(CRP) barriers.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of CRP barriers in remediation of TCE in aquifers in a long-term and controlled manner.CRP particles with a 1:3 molar ratio of KMnO 4 to stearic acid showed the best controlled-release properties in pure water,and the theoretical release time was 138.5 days.The results of TCE removal in the test column indicated that complete removal efficiency of TCE in a sand column by three-section CRP barriers could be reached within 15 days.The molar ratio of KMnO 4 to TCE in the three-section CRP barriers was 16:1,which was much lower than 82:1 as required when KMnO 4 solution is used directly to achieve complete destruction of TCE.This result revealed that the efficiency of CRP for remediation of TCE was highly improved after encapsulation.     

土霉素在乙酸水溶液中的臭氧氧化降解研究

采用乙酸作为臭氧氧化降解土霉素（OTC）的介质,考察了臭氧/OTC初始投加量比、臭氧流量、自由基抑制剂叔丁醇（TBA）、金属离子等因素对OTC降解效果的影响.结果表明,臭氧在乙酸水溶液中有较好的稳定性和溶解度;OTC在乙酸溶液中具有较高的去除率和反应降解速率;随着OTC/臭氧初始投加量比的增加,OTC在乙酸中去除率明显减小;适当的臭氧流量,有利于OTC去除率的提高;添加叔丁醇能够明显抑制OTC在乙酸体系中的氧化降解,表明乙酸中同时存在直接臭氧氧化和间接臭氧氧化反应;当反应体系中存在Fe3＋和Co2＋时,OTC的氧化降解明显受到抑制.     

加速溶剂萃取-凝胶净化色谱-气相色谱质谱法测定农用地土壤中有机氯农药方法研究

通过对加速溶剂萃取、平行蒸发及净化方法等环节的优化实验,建立了加速溶剂萃取-凝胶净化色谱-气相色谱质谱法测定农用地土壤中23种有机氯农药的检测方法。结果表明,方法检出限为0.0034~0.0052 mg/kg;对化合物质量分数为0.25 mg/kg的土壤加标样品进行平行实验,回收率为82.0%~93.7%;测定结果的相对标准偏差（RSD）≤8.7%。对土壤有证标准质控样品进行分析,测定结果均在验收范围之内。该方法准确可靠,灵敏度较高,样品净化效果较好,能够满足农用地土壤中有机氯农药残留痕量分析的要求。     

溶剂使用源挥发性有机物排放特征与污染控制对策

VOCs（volatile organic compounds,挥发性有机物）作为臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的关键前体物,已成为工业行业重点控制的大气污染物.源头控制作为工业源VOCs污染防治的重要手段,近5年来得到了快速发展.选取家具制造业、汽车制造业和包装印刷业作为代表性溶剂使用行业,逐生产工序检测、分析溶剂使用企业在使用传统溶剂型溶剂和新型水性溶剂时的VOCs排放特征,定量研究新型低/无VOCs溶剂替代所带来的VOCs污染特征的变化规律,分析并提出溶剂使用源VOCs污染控制对策.结果表明:不同生产工序所排放VOCs的浓度及其各物种贡献率均存在差异,使用新型水性溶剂时,酯类和烷烃为首要VOCs物种,ρ（VOCs）集中在8.77~40.21 mg/m3之间;使用传统溶剂型溶剂时,苯系物和酯类为首要VOCs物种,ρ（VOCs）分布在27.08~2 418.47 mg/m3之间,ρ（VOCs）为使用新型水性溶剂的2.78~50.00倍（以平均质量浓度计）,醇类、苯系物、烯烃、酮类、酯类和烷烃的质量浓度分别为使用新型水性溶剂的75.47、19.43、18.27、5.74、5.35和1.20倍.研究显示,源头控制通常需升级配套的生产工艺及设备,但相较于末端控制和过程控制更易管控;水性溶剂替代作为现阶段溶剂使用行业源头控制的主要手段,可有效降低各排污节点的VOCs排放浓度,实现VOCs减排;同时,苯系物和烯烃排放浓度及其排放总量的削减,可降低排放废气的反应活性,从而减少溶剂使用行业二次污染物的生成量.      

土壤中总石油烃预处理方法研究

采用了索氏提取法、超声波萃取法和加速溶剂萃取对土壤中的总石油烃预处理进行了研究分析,方法在0 mg/L~500 mg/L范围内均有良好的线性.采用索氏提取法时,总石油烃的方法检出限均在0.001 mg/kg~0.016 mg/kg范围内,回收率在65%~80%之间,相对标准偏差均在6.8%~12%之间;采用超声波萃取法时,总石油烃的方法检出限均在0.002 mg/kg~0.023 mg/kg范围内,回收率在60%~88%之间,相对标准偏差均在8.6%~15%之间;采用加速溶剂萃取时,总石油烃的方法检出限均在0.001 mg/kg~0.009 mg/kg范围内,回收率在70%~95%之间,相对标准偏差均在2.5%~8.8%之间.实验表明三种方法均可以作为土壤中总石油烃的预处理分析方法,但加速溶剂萃取更加快捷方便,更适合实际样品的分析.     

Permeability of Organic Solvents Through Two-Layer Safety Gloves Determined by a Gravimetric Method

Organic solvents are harmful to humans, and many of them are recognized as carcinogens. Therefore, it is necessary to protect hands from contact with them. Most methods for testing solvent resistance of gloves use gas chromatography. However, these methods are expensive and so complex that they present application problems for most glove producers and users. A simple gravimetric method to test solvent resistance o f gloves was developed. It was tested by measuring the permeability of organic solvents such as white spirit, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, benzene, p-xylene, and trichloroethylene through gloves made of natural rubber, polyvinyl chloride, neoprene, perbunan, polyvinyl alcohol, and two-layer gloves made of natural rubber and neoprene. This method proved to be a simple, economical, and reliable way to examine glove permeability.