锅炉环境影响评价系统软件研究

用Ｃ语言作为开发语言,研制开发了锅炉环境影响评价系统软件,软件充分利用Ｃ语言模块化,过程化的优点,源程序由１２个模块组成。经编译连接生成一个可执行程序,用户只需输入１５个必需的原始参数,软件即可自动查询,计算大量的中间参数,并立即给出污染源强及污染物在周围环境中分布的预测和评价结果。     

区域生态系统适应性管理概念、理论框架及其应用研究

论述了生态系统适应性管理基本概念与生态系统适应循环,着重分析了生态系统恢复力范围、抗性、不稳定性与跨尺度影响。生态系统适应循环通常经历入侵、保持、破坏、调整四个阶段,前两个阶段的生态系统演替是可以预测的,而后两个阶段是复杂、难以预测的。文章提出了适应性区域生态系统管理的基本概念,并构建了其理论框架,并以三峡库区小江流域为例,对小江流域景观生态特征、区域生态胁迫进行了详细分析。在此基础上,提出要以水生生态安全为总目标,并围绕这一目标,进行流域各生态系统的恢复力辨识、生态系统适应性循环过程研究,从各系统恢复力属性特征出发,提出了具体的适应性管理方法与模式。     

A methodological framework for improving air quality monitoring network layout. Applications to environment management

This work aims to provide a methodology framework which allows to improve the performance and efficiency of an air quality monitoring network (AQMN). It requires to be constituted by a minimum and reliable number of measurement sites. Nevertheless, the AQMN efficiency should be assessed over time, as a consequence of the possible emergence of new emission sources of air pollutants, which could lead to variations on their spatial distribution within the target area. PM₁₀ particles data monitored by the Community of Madrid's (Spain) AQMN between 2008 and 2017 were used to develop a methodology to optimize the AQMN performance. The annual spatial distribution of average PM₁₀ levels over the studied period monitored by all current stations vs those more representative was provided by a geographic information system (GIS), and the percentage of similarity between both postulates was quantified using simple linear regression (> 95%). As one innovative tool of this study, the practical application of the proposed methodology was validated using PM₁₀ particles data measured by AQMN during 2007 and 2018, reaching a similitude degree higher than 95%. The influence of temporal variation on the proposed methodological framework was around 20%.The proposed methodology sets criteria for identifying non-redundant stations within AQMN, it is also able to appropriately assess the representativeness of fixed monitoring sites within an AQMN and it complements the guidelines set by European legislation on air pollutants monitoring at fixed stations, which could help to tackle efforts to improve the air quality management.     

石河子市细颗粒物中微生物活性水平分析

大气颗粒物( particulate matter,PM)中的生物成分会严重引起组织炎症,并且有传播给人类、植物和家畜病原菌等危害。通过FDA(荧光素二乙酸酯)水解法定义石河子市微生物气溶胶的酶活性水平,采用Pearson双变量分析方法分析其影响因素。结果表明,石河子市的细颗粒物中微生物酶活性最高的是夏季,最低的是冬季。酶活性水平与温度(R=0.587,n=75,P<0.01)、细颗粒物浓度(R=-0.704,n=75,P<0.01)和风速(R=0.605,n=75,P<0.05)存在显著相关性。通过逐步多元线性回归方程可知温度是最显著的影响因素。研究为城市重点区域环境规划和总体环境改善方案提供基础科学数据,对石河子的大气环境研究有重要的参考价值。     

基于环境DNA宏条形码的青岚湖自然保护区鱼类组成及分布特征

为探究在不同引物、不同参考数据库下环境DNA技术检测结果的差异,于2021年4月,采用环境DNA宏条形码技术分析了青岚湖鱼类多样性。选取16S rRNA及Cytb 2种引物,NCBI及本地数据库2种数据库,分别进行比对注释。结果表明:在青岚湖29个采样点中,共检测到7目15科43属64种鱼类,其中在16S-NCBI情形下获得4目9科19属20种鱼类,在16S-本地数据库情形下获得6目13科27属38种鱼类,在Cytb-NCBI情形下获得4目6科16属19种鱼类,在Cytb-本地数据库情形下获得2目5科15属20种鱼类。在青岚湖29个采样点中,鱼类更多地分布于湖面宽阔的中间地带(如S31附近),且南部较北部更少,鱼种的分布呈现一定的空间相似性。就研究区域而言,选择16S rRNA引物及本地数据库可以获得更全面的鱼类物种。通过与青岚湖鱼类历史数据比对发现,环境DNA技术在研究区域具有较强的适用性,如能选择适当的引物和本地数据库,可以更全面地反映研究区域的物种组成情况。     

基于航空摄影测量的填埋堆体动态重构精度及影响因素

填埋堆体表面形变监测是填埋场库容管理和堆体失稳等风险分析的核心,其时空高分辨率监测研究近年来引起广泛关注。基于航空摄影的地表测量技术具有采集速度快、时空分辨率高等优点,但在填埋场特殊环境下,面对高频填埋活动、显著的堆体变化以及防雨膜覆盖等干扰时,要同时满足高时空分辨率和耗时短的动态监测要求,无人机的最佳飞行参数设定亟待研究。为此,该研究模拟中等规模危险废物填埋场的规模和日填埋量,利用专业级无人机获取模拟区域图像,空三加密处理生成三维点云数据,利用Arcmap叠加分析多期监测数据,从点位坐标、重构尺度、重构体积、体积差分精度4个角度分析重构误差。结果表明:三维重构的坐标精度可以达到米级;重构尺度误差为2~3 cm,重构体积误差为0.16~0.17 m³,差分体积误差为0.16~0.17 m³;进一步研究发现,高度为25~55 m时,高度越高精度越低,相机倾角为[-53°,-60°]时,精度最高,旁向重叠率大于80%时,误差骤减且基本稳定。考虑到填埋场的填埋作业间隔、无人机续航能力等对飞行时间的约束,为获得最佳精度,建议无人机飞行高度为37 m、相机倾斜角度为[-53°,-60°]、旁向重叠率为80%。     

环境监测用高锰酸盐指数和氨氮标准溶液量值比对研究

针对高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)和氨氮(NH₃-N)标准溶液(以下简称液标)制造商、浓度水平和使用情况进行调研,根据调研结果选择常用的7个品牌COD_Mn液标和9个常用NH₃-N液标品牌开展量值比对和质量评价研究,匿名采购129支液标经盲样编码后采用《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)推荐标准进行分析测定,计算和评定测定结果的不确定度,以En法进行量值比对评价。研究表明,NH₃-N液标量值均满意,COD_Mn测试中的加盖操作会使测定结果偏高,按照证书要求操作时COD_Mn液标量值合格,未按照液标证书中要求进行液标样品前处理测定会造成测定结果的偏离,影响评价结果。建议监测人员合理选用和规范使用环境用液标,加强环境用液标的选购和管理,确保检测过程得到有效控制。     

由石油类应急监测现状探寻水中石油类监测的突破

突发环境事件发生后,对污染物质、污染物浓度、污染范围及其动态变化情况进行监测是环境应急监测的基本工作要求。在不能利用管理手段有效获取污染来源等信息的情况下,开展溯源应急监测成为突发环境事件处理处置的重要需求。然而通过资料调研及应急监测案例分析发现,石油类水体突发环境事件应急监测大多存在采样代表性不够、溯源手段不健全、特征污染物监测不全面,以及现行石油类监测方法不能完整说清污染状况等问题或不足。因此,建议通过优化整合水中石油类指标监测标准,构建与石油类污染特征相适应的技术规范及配套监测分析方法,以达到精准、全面反映石油类水体污染状况的目的。     

地下水环境智慧监管技术集成与平台应用研究

针对"双源"地下水(地下水污染源和集中式地下水型饮用水源)环境监管需求,研发了一套集地下水污染在线监测预警、评价溯源、预测应急于一体的可视化技术集成与应用平台。该平台将物联网、地下水数值模拟、大数据、云计算等技术集成应用于环境监管,实现了工业园区地下水环境实时动态监测评价及预警、地下水污染路径溯源计算、地下水事故污染预测及应急支撑等网络服务与计算功能,并通过地下空间三维数字化处理,构建了"所见即所得"的三维虚拟现实界面,实现了对地下水环境的便捷、高效监管与决策。该平台兼容手机、平板电脑、台式计算机等固定和移动设备,可为"双源"地下水污染监控、管理和应急提供实时、高效的科技支撑。     

Untangling unexpected terrestrial conservation challenges arising from the historical human exploitation of marine mammals in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean

Intensive human exploitation of the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) in its primary population centre on sub-Antarctic South Georgia, as well as on other sub-Antarctic islands and parts of the South Shetland Islands, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries rapidly brought populations to the brink of extinction. The species has now recovered throughout its original distribution. Non-breeding and yearling seals, almost entirely males, from the South Georgia population now disperse in the summer months far more widely and in higher numbers than there is evidence for taking place in the pre-exploitation era. Large numbers now haul out in coastal terrestrial habitats in the South Orkney Islands and also along the north-east and west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula to at least Marguerite Bay. In these previously less- or non-visited areas, the seals cause levels of damage likely never to have been experienced previously to fragile terrestrial habitats through trampling and over-fertilisation, as well as eutrophication of sensitive freshwater ecosystems. This increased area of summer impact is likely to have further synergies with aspects of regional climate change, including reduction in extent and duration of sea ice permitting seals access farther south, and changes in krill abundance and distribution. The extent and conservation value of terrestrial habitats and biodiversity now threatened by fur seal distribution expansion, and the multiple anthropogenic factors acting in synergy both historically and to the present day, present a new and as yet unaddressed challenge to the agencies charged with ensuring the protection and conservation of Antarctica’s unique ecosystems.