Environmental Exposure of Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota to Triclosan and Triclocarban1

Abstract: The synthetic biocides triclosan (5‐chloro‐2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)phenol) and triclocarban (3,4,4′‐trichlorocarbanilide) are routinely added to a wide array of antimicrobial personal care products and consumer articles. Both compounds can persist in the environment and exhibit toxicity toward a number of biological receptors. Recent reports of toxicological effects in wildlife, human cell cultures, and laboratory animals have heightened the interest in the occurrence of these biocide and related toxic effects. The present study aimed to summarize published environmental concentrations of biocides and contrast them with toxicity threshold values of susceptible organisms. Environmental occurrences and toxicity threshold values span more than six orders of magnitude in concentration. The highest biocide levels, measured in the mid parts‐per‐million range, were determined to occur in aquatic sediments and in municipal biosolids destined for land application. Crustacea and algae were identified as the most sensitive species, susceptible to adverse effects from biocide exposures in the parts‐per‐trillion range. An overlap of environmental concentrations and toxicity threshold values was noted for these more sensitive organisms, suggesting potential adverse ecological effects in aquatic environments. Affirmative evidence for this is lacking, however, since studies examining environmental occurrences of biocides vis‐à‐vis the health and diversity of aquatic species have not yet been conducted.     

Social Acceptability of Water Resource Management: A Conceptual Approach and Empirical Findings from Portland,Oregon1

Abstract: Surface water resources in urban areas serve multiple functions ranging from recreation to wildlife habitat. As a result, diverse values influence people’s views about resource protection, potentially leading to conflicting interests. In metropolitan Portland, Oregon, natural resource planning has recently focused on habitat restoration as well as stormwater and pollution mitigation, especially through the protection of riparian areas. Due to opposition over proposed regulations in the study region, this research examines public attitudes about an array of resource management efforts. The primary research question is: what is the extent of positive–negative attitudes about water resource protection, and what theoretical dimensions underlie diverse judgments? After empirical survey results are presented, I outline a conceptual approach for future assessments of environmental attitudes while highlighting important value‐based dimensions of judgments. Although flexible, the framework allows broad comparisons to advance knowledge about the social acceptability of varied water resource management approaches across diverse places and contexts.     

人工神经网络方法在拟建小区域环境质量评价中的应用

人工神经网络的评价方法用于小区域环境质量评价中,根据本地区特点因地制宜地选择环境质量参数,代入模型中进行环境质量评价及预测,对用于环境质量评价的BP人工神经网络模型进行了改进,即对网络模型的训练样本进行了扩充,从而提高了模型的抗干扰能力和准确性.将改进了的BP人工神经网络模型应用于四川省资阳市沱江二桥拟建项目小区域的大气、地表水环境质量评价中, 对该市小区域大气、地表水环境质量状况进行评价,评价结果表明,BP人工神经网络模型用于环境质量评价是可行的,且评价结论客观,评价模型普遍适用.     

江河水源地突发性水污染事故风险评价

近年来,我国江河饮用水水源地突发性水质污染事故频发,成为我国面临的最严重的环境问题之一.江河水源地突发性水质污染事件的风险评价是确保饮用水源地水质安全的重要手段,对突发性水质污染事故,采取适当的应急处理措施.     

信息可视化在化工企业水环境安全影响评价中的研究及应用

运用data system.exe技术,对水环境评价系统功能模块进行设计;提出水环境影响评价信息可视化软件的设计方法;建立水环境污染因子数据信息可视化软件,并应用该软件对石油化工企业的水环境进行了初步的风险评价。结果表明:该软件能在识别污染因子数据信息的同时生成与之相匹配的直观的模拟环境图像,有助于管理者进行及时分析与决策;通过输入水环境污染因子监测值后,系统可以自动判定环境的污染的程度,并把对应环境质量的级别、环境的安全程度以及污染对人体与生物的影响程度在图中显示出来,能够有效地提高环境影响评价的可靠度;评价示意图中的评价因子可以根据需要进行增加或更换,有助于该系统的推广应用,建立的环境污染因子数据信息可视化模型具有很强的适用性。     

基于化工园区整体风险量分析的安全规划研究

通过对园区安全容量和危险量的分析,得到园区整体的风险评估值;提出并定义园区危安比最大临界点,用其反映园区的最大可接受风险量;运用"二八法则",确定危安比上限;当危安比在3种不同值域区间下,对应的园区安全规划的重点不同;从园区整个生命周期考虑,提出包含各个阶段的园区安全规划主要内容。     

白腐真菌修复多环芳烃污染土壤及其降解机理的研究进展

介绍了白腐真菌对多环芳烃(PAHs)的代谢途径、降解机理,阐述了白腐真菌修复PAHs污染土壤的影响因素和生态效应,并提出了提高白腐真菌修复效率的措施.白腐真菌主要通过分泌木质素降解酶系(木质家过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶和漆酶)来降解PAHs,这些胞外酶可通过开环作用把PAHs代谢成为水溶性较强的醌类中间产物,再由其他微生物降解这些中间产物直至矿化.在白腐真菌的培养过程中.通过对环境因素及营养条件(如温度、pH值、C/N比、微量元素和转速)的优化可提高胞外酶产量.在修复PAHs污染土壤过程中,生物竞争、营养条件和环境因素等均会影响白腐真菌的修复效果.同时,归纳总结了改善白腐真菌修复效果的一些措施,如真菌-细菌联合修复、添加适当的培养基质、添加表面活性剂、直接施用酶制剂和改善营养条件等.     

铂载钴钼二元硫化物对H_2S电催化活性研究

为考察溶胶凝胶法制备的Co-Mo二元硫化物对H_2S气体的电催化活性,通过循环伏安法和Tafel曲线分析对铂载不同Co、Mo掺杂比的电催化剂进行表征.结果表明,不同阳极电催化剂交换电流密度J_0由大到小依次为,铂载n(Co):n(Mo)=2:3、铂载n(Co):n(Mo)=2:1、铂载n(Co):n(Mo)=1:1和铂,即铂载n(Co):n(Mo)=2:3阳极电催化剂具有较好的活性,这与循环伏安曲线测试结果一致.电解质溶液pH值为6～7时,随着温度的升高铂载n(co):n(Mo)=2:3阳极电催化剂活性呈现上升的趋势.优化后的Co、Mo掺杂原子比约为0.66,此类电催化剂在操作温度80℃下,交换电流密度为1.318mA/cm~2,表观活化焙值为616.6 kJ/mol .研究表明,铂载钴钼二元硫化物适合作为低温H_2S燃料电池阳极电催化剂,其中Co、Mo掺杂比对电催化活性影响较大.     

基于循环经济的煤矿环境评价指标体系

基于循环经济理论和煤矿开采中环境系统的演化规律.从资源循环与资源损失正反两个方面构建了煤矿区环境评估指标体系.指标体系分为目标层、指标类别层和单项指标层3个层次,单项指标层是具体舒化指标.由它直接计算指标类别层的值,进而计算目标层的评估结果.将此指标体系运用到重庆市某县煤矿,对该县近年来煤矿资源开发中环境可持续能力进行了计算和分析,评价结果与实际情况相符,揭示了该县煤矿开发中环境可持续能力提高的关键因素,进一步探讨了煤矿开发中环境能力提高和循环经济理念的实施建议.