定pH值下垃圾焚烧飞灰酸中和容量与元素浸出行为的研究

采用定pH值滴定实验研究了不同pH值条件下,垃圾焚烧飞灰的酸中和容量和元素的浸出行为.实验中将浸取液的pH值分别控制在4、5、6、7,持续滴定150 h,在不同时刻测定溶液中主要元素和重金属等多种组分的浓度.研究表明,在每个pH值条件下,在滴定最初阶段,累积的消耗酸量迅速增加,随着溶液中离子浓度的增加,酸的消耗速度逐渐下降,在20 h左右,飞灰的中和反应趋于稳定.随着滴定的pH值由7下降到4,飞灰表现出的中和能力也相应加强.由于形成机理和在飞灰中的存在形式不同,滴定过程中,各种组分表现出不同的浸出行为,K、Na、Ca和Cl的浸出不受中和反应的控制,Si和SO24-的浓度在滴定初期达到最大值,然后下降.Cd和Zn的浸出速度与酸的消耗速度基本相同,Cu、Pb和Cr的浸出慢于酸的消耗.利用定pH值滴定实验能更好地研究飞灰浸出的过程和重金属的潜在浸出性,为在较长的时间尺度上准确预测和评价重金属的浸出行为提供了手段.     

氧化硫硫杆菌TS6的生长条件及其对重金属耐受性研究

采用纯培养的方法研究了温度和介质起始pH以及重金属对嗜酸性氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TS6)菌株生长与活性的影响.研究表明,菌株TS6的最适生长温度为28℃,最适起始生长pH范围为2.0～6.0.在上述条件下,TS6旺盛生长,表现出氧化硫能力最强.通过检测TS6对几种重金属(Cr3 、Cu2 、Zn2 、Ni2 )的耐受性,结果发现TS6对上述重金属均有较强的耐受性,至少可耐受Cr3 、Cu2 、Zn2 、Ni2 的浓度分别达1500、400、1000和250mg·L-1.在相同的浓度下,不同重金属对TS6生长产酸作用的影响由小到大依次为Cr3 、Zn2 、Cu2 、Ni2 .随着TS6菌株驯化时间的延长,它们对重金属的耐受性可望得到进一步的增强,完全满足对各种污水污泥进行生物淋滤处理的条件.     

Characteristics of phosphorus fractionated from the sediment resuspension in abrupt expansion flow experiments

Phosphorous (P) fraction characteristics in sediment resuspension were investigated under adequately hydrodynamic conditions. Four forms of P in overlying water, including dissolved inorganic P, dissolved total P, total P, and particulate P, and six fractions of P in suspended particulate matter (SPM), including loosely sorbed P (NH4Cl-P), redox-sensitive P (BD-P), aluminum-bound P (Al- P), organic P (NaOH-nrP), calcium-bound P (Ca-P) and residual P (Res-P), were quantified, respectively. Di erent hydrodynamic conditions resulted in di erent P form changes. Four states could be ascribed: (1) P desorption by sediment and SPM, and P adsorption by overlying water; (2) P desorption by SPM, and P adsorption by overlying water; (3) P adsorption by SPM, and P desorption by overlying water; and (4) P equilibrium between SPM and overlying water. The contents of P in overlying water acquired peak values in the middle position of the vertical P distribution due to the combined actions of SPM and sediment. P fractions in SPM were in the following order: BD-P > NaOH-nrp > Ca-P > Al-P > Res-P > NH4Cl-P. BD-P in SPM frequently exchanged with P forms in overlying water. Resuspension was favorable to forming Ca-P in SPM.     

Understanding yields in alley cropping maize (Zea mays L.) and Cassia siamea Lam. under semi-arid conditions in Machakos, eastern Kenya

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＯｎｌｙａｂｏｕｔ 2 0 %ｏｆＫｅｎｙａ’ｓｔｏｔａｌｌａｎｄａｒｅａｈａｓｈｉｇｈｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｆｏｒａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ,ｔｈｅｒｅｓｔｂｅｉｎｇａｒｉｄｏｒｓｅｍｉ ａｒｉｄ .ＴｈｅａｎｎｕａｌｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｇｒｏｗｔｈｒａｔｅｉｎＫｅｎｙａｏｆｃｌｏｓｅｔｏ 4 %ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｅｓｔｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ (ｅ .ｇ .ＵｎｉｔｅｄＮａｔｉｏｎｓＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅ ,1990 ) .Ｔｈｉｓｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｌ…     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a four-compartment periodic anaerobic ba ed reactor

Periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR) is a novel reactor based on the design concept of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Residence time distribution (RTD) studies on both clean and working reactors at the same hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 2 d were carried out to investigate the dead spaces and mixing patterns in PABRs at different organic loading rates (OLRs) in various switching manners and frequencies.The results showed that the fraction of dead space in PABR was similar to that in ABR,which was low in comparison with other reactor designs.Dead space may be divided into two categories,hydraulic and biological.In RTD studies without biomass,the hydraulic dead space in the PABR run in an"every second"switching manner with T=2 d was the lowest whereas that in the PABR run in a T=∞(ABR) switching manner was the highest.The same trend was obtained with the total dead space in RTD studies with biomass no matter what the OLR was.Biological dead space was the major contributor to dead space but affected decreasingly at higher OLR whichever switching manner the PABR run in.The flow patterns within the PABRs were intermediate between plug-flow and perfectly mixed under all the conditions tested.     

诺氟沙星在4种土壤中的吸附-解吸特征

采用批平衡吸附试验,研究了诺氟沙星在河南封丘潮土、江西鹰潭红壤、苏南常熟水稻土和南京黄棕壤等4种土壤中的吸附行为.结果表明,诺氟沙星的土壤吸附-解吸不同程度地偏离线性模型,但均可用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型进行良好的线性拟合.其K_f值变化较大,分别为潮土82.0 L/kg、黄棕壤432 L/kg、水稻土5 677 L/kg和红壤8 790 L/kg,显示诺氟沙星在4种土壤中的吸附行为存在较大的差异.此外,诺氟沙星在4种土壤上的解吸过程存在滞后现象.其中,诺氟沙星在红壤中的滞后现象明显与其他3种土壤不同,其滞后系数至少大5倍以上.研究表明4种土壤中诺氟沙星的吸附参数K_f值与土壤pH呈极显著负相关,与土壤溶液中诺氟沙星阳离子形态比例则呈极显著正相关.在不同pH（5～9）下,红壤和水稻土的诺氟沙星吸附参数lgK_d随pH的升高先增加而后降低,黄棕壤和潮土中则不同程度地线性下降.可见,阳离子吸附可能是诺氟沙星土壤吸附的重要机理,而低pH下红壤和水稻土中诺氟沙星的吸附是阳离子吸附和土壤溶液共存阳离子竞争性吸附共同作用的结果.     

Exploring the impact of new particle formation events on PM2.5 pollution during winter in the Yangtze River Delta, China

New particle formation（NPF） events are an increasingly interesting topic in air quality and climate science. In this study, the particle number size distributions, and the frequency of NPF events over Hefei were investigated from November 2018 to February 2019. The proportions of the nucleation mode, Aitken mode, and accumulation mode were 24.59%,53.10%, and 22.30%, respectively, which indicates the presence of abundant ultrafine particles in Hefei. Forty-six NPF events occurred during the obser...     

北京市2015年森林植被区PM10质量浓度时空变化特征

以北京市大兴区南海子公园植被区与亦庄非植被区为研究对象,对比分析了植被区与非植被区PM₁₀质量浓度日变化、月变化特征及典型天气条件下的变化.结果表明：PM₁₀浓度的日变化趋势基本相同,呈典型的双峰曲线,春、夏季的峰值出现在9：00-10：00和18：00-19：00,秋、冬季的峰值出现在8：00-9：00和18：00-19：00,且秋、冬季PM₁₀浓度高于春、夏季;植被区与非植被区的PM₁₀月变化趋势基本一致,植被区PM₁₀浓度低于非植被区,且2月份PM₁₀浓度最大;各季节优良天气排序为夏季（42.60%）> 秋季（31.10%）> 春季（26.43%）> 冬季（15.17%）,中度及以上污染天气所占比例排序为冬季（55.52%）> 春季（27.57%）> 秋季（17.77%）> 夏季（3.58%）;PM₁₀浓度随降雨强度的增加呈减小的变化趋势,雨前12 h的PM₁₀浓度均值表现为植被区（106.43 μg·m^-3）<非植被区（157.39 μg·m^-3）,雨后12 h的PM₁₀浓度均值表现为植被区（50.96 μg·m^-3）>非植被区（38.41 μg·m^-3）;PM₁₀浓度随风速的增大呈减小的变化趋势,风后12 h的非植被区PM₁₀浓度削减率均值是植被区的1.23倍,且PM₁₀浓度削减率均处于较高水平;PM₁₀浓度随空气湿度的增大呈增大的变化趋势,随温度的升高呈减小的变化趋势.研究结果对进一步治理和控制北京市大气污染有参考价值.     

pH及无机氮化合物对小浮萍生长的影响

利用浮萍科植物吸收转化污水中的无机氮磷正在成为水处理研究的热点.本研究以我国常见的小浮萍(Lemna minor L.)为研究对象,在完全培养液的基础上模拟生活污水的NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N浓度和pH范围,研究了培养条件对小浮萍生长的影响.结果表明,低pH对小浮萍的生长具有抑制作用,小浮萍对pH耐受的低限在5～6之间,在6～9的pH范围内,能够正常生长.水中非离子态的NH3和NH+4都会对小浮萍的生长产生抑制作用,前者的抑制作用更明显.在NN₄⁺-N为唯一氮源的条件下,非离子态的NH₃浓度大于0.2mg/L时就会对小浮萍的生长产生明显的抑制作用,大于2mg/L时,小浮萍基本上不能生长.NO₃^-在本研究的浓度范围内对小浮萍的生长没有影响,NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N浓度的增加可使小浮萍的鲜叶片的叶绿素含量增加,另外在相同氮的浓度下,由于生长受抑制,NH₄⁺-N中生长的小浮萍过氧化物酶活性高于NO₃^--N中的活性.