活性污泥中水解酶的研究进展

水解酶由活性污泥中的微生物产生,它们普遍存在于各种生物处理系统中,并对大分子有机物的生物降解起到关键性的作用。综述了水解酶在活性污泥中的分布特性、酶活力的测定方法、影响酶活力的因素等几个方面的最新研究进展。     

Depth profiles of radiocarbon and carbon isotopic compositions of organic matter and CO2 in a forest soil

Depth profiles of the specific activities of (14)C and carbon isotopic compositions (Delta(14)C, delta(13)C) in soil organic matter and soil CO(2) in a Japanese larch forest were determined. For investigating the transport of CO(2) in soil, specific activities of (14)C, Delta(14)C and delta(13)C in the organic layer, and atmospheric CO(2) in the same forest area were also determined. The specific activity of (14)C and Delta(14)C in the soil organic matter decreased with the increase in depth of 0-60cm, while that of soil CO(2) did not vary greatly at a soil depth of 13-73cm and was more prevalent than that of atmospheric CO(2). Peaks of specific activities of (14)C appeared at the depth of 0-4cm and Delta(14)C values were positive in the depth range from 0 to 15cm. These results suggest that the present soil at a depth of 0-4cm had been produced from the mid-1950s up until 1963, and the bomb C had reached the depth of 15cm in the objective soil area. The delta(13)C in the soil organic matter increased at the depth of 0-55cm, while that of soil CO(2) collected on 8 November 2004 decreased rapidly at the depth of 0-13cm and only slightly at the depth of 53-73cm. By combining the Delta(14)C and delta(13)C of the respective components and using the Keeling plot approach it was made clear that the entering of atmospheric CO(2) showed a large contribution to soil CO(2) at the depth of 0-13cm and a negligible contribution at the depth of 53-73cm for soil air collected on 8 November 2004. Respiration of live roots was presumed to be the main source of soil CO(2) at the depth of 53-73cm on 8 November 2004.     

Human Freshwater Demand for Economic Activity and Ecosystems in Taiwan

Freshwater is necessary to economic activity, and humans depend on goods and services generated by water-dependent ecosystems. However, national freshwater management usually focuses on direct use of domestic freshwater. With an increasing scarcity of freshwater, attention has turned to two indirect uses of freshwater by humans. The first indirect use is freshwater used by foreign countries when producing products for export. The second use is freshwater required by local ecosystems: human survival and development depend on goods and services generated in these ecosystems. This work adopted Taiwan as a case study. In addition to two widely recognized ecosystem freshwater demands, evapotranspiration and reversed river flow, this study suggests that freshwater is a constituent of some abiotic components, such as groundwater in aquifers, because excessive withdrawal has already caused significant land subsidence in Taiwan. Moreover, the estimated results show that Taiwan’s net imports of freshwater through trade amounts to approximately 25% of its total freshwater use for economic production. Integrating industrial policy, trade policy, and national freshwater management is a useful approach for developing strategies to limit the growing use of freshwater in Taiwan. Policy implications are then developed by further analyzing withdrawal sources of freshwater (domestic and foreign) for supporting economic production in Taiwan and identifying the factors (domestic final demand and export) driving freshwater-intensive products.     

HCO-3碱度对铜绿微囊藻生长与光合活性的影响

研究了23 mM (ALK23)和124 mM (ALK124) HCO-3对铜绿微囊藻(〖WTBX〗Microcystis aeruginosa〖WTBZ〗 FACHB 927)生长与光合特性的影响。实验结果表明，ALK23显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长，至培养结束，与对照相比对生物量的抑制率为38%，ALK124条件下虽然至培养结束生物量没有显著变化，但碱度增加铜绿微囊藻生物量有一个快速的增殖期，之后其生长速率持续下降。碱度增加强烈抑制光合色素Chla的合成，ALK23和ALK124条件下对Chla含量抑制率分别为74％和56％。藻胆蛋白与叶绿素a的比值（PBP/Chla）在碱度增加的条件下有显著升高。HCO-3碱度增加，铜绿微囊藻的光合活性先降低之后逐渐恢复，至处理结束表现出低碱度（ALK23）促进光合活性，高碱度（ALK124）对光合活性影响不显著。说明HCO-3碱度增加对铜绿微囊藻有一定伤害作用，与高碱度（ALK124）相比，低碱度（ALK23）对细胞的伤害程度更大，随着细胞的增殖，碱度对细胞的伤害作用逐渐恢复，且低碱度下细胞恢复更快。暗示碱度可以作为水华控制的手段之一.     

西南喀斯特山区寿竹林地土壤微生物量与酶活性在不同坡位和剖面层次的分布特征

以重庆市梁平县城东乡云佛村寿竹(Dip)林地为研究对象,分析了不同坡位[上坡(US)、中坡(MS)、下坡(BS)]和剖面[表层(0~15 cm),底层(15~30 cm)]土壤微生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)、微生物碳熵、氮熵(qMBC、qMBN)、土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALK)、脲酶(URE)、蔗糖酶(INV)之间的关系.结果表明,在不同坡位下,表层土壤SMBC、SMBN、qMBC、qMBN、CAT和INV表现为BS>MS>US,ALK呈BS>US>MS,URE呈MS>US>BS;底层土壤SMBC和qMBC呈MS>BS>US,SMBN、qMBN、CAT、ALK、URE和INV呈BS>MS>US.在不同土壤层次下,SMBC、SMBN、CAT、ALK、URE和INV均表现为表层>底层;qMBC和qMBN表现为底层>表层.相关分析表明,不同坡位和剖面层次土壤微生物碳氮与土壤酶活性、含水率之间均存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关.从回归分析得出的2个方程可知,SMBC随着土壤CAT和ALK的增加而增加,随着pH的增大而减小;SMBN则随着INV和ALK的增加而增加.     

Fe2+、Co2+、Ni2+对渗滤液厌氧过程的影响

通过单因素和正交试验,分别研究了Fe2+、Co2+、Ni2+及其组合对渗滤液厌氧过程中COD去除率和产甲烷量的影响.结果表明,分别投加Fe2+=25 mg·L-1、Co2+=1 mg·L-1、Ni2+=0.5 mg·L-1时对COD去除率和产甲烷量促进显著,3种微量元素均表现出了"低促高抑"的Hormesis效应.微量元素组合投加时,协同促进了甲烷的产生,其中Co2+是影响COD去除率的主要因素,Fe2+是影响产甲烷量的主要因素,但3种微量元素在其各自适宜的投加浓度范围时,对渗滤液厌氧过程的促进效果较为相近.各试验组的pH值维持在7.05~7.53之间,并与产甲烷量呈显著的相关关系.此外,渗滤液成分复杂,微量元素的生物有效性一定程度上受到限制,渗滤液厌氧体系对微量元素的需求较别的体系偏高.     

增温及秸秆施用对冬小麦田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响

为研究增温及秸秆施用对冬小麦田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响,于2014-11~2015-05进行田间试验.设置对照、增温、秸秆施用、增温及秸秆施用这4个处理,观测了不同处理下土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤湿度(体积含水量)的季节动态,并在拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期观测了不同处理下的土壤脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性.结果表明,对照、增温、秸秆施用、增温及秸秆施用这4个处理的季节平均土壤呼吸速率分别为1.46、1.96、1.92、2.45μmol·(m2·s)-1.方差分析表明,增温处理与对照、秸秆施用处理与对照、增温及秸秆施用处理与对照3对处理之间的季节平均土壤呼吸速率均存在显著差异(P0.05).不同处理下土壤呼吸与土壤温度的关系均可用指数回归方程拟合,指数回归方程可分别解释对照、增温、秸秆施用、增温及秸秆施用这4个处理土壤呼吸34.3%、28.1%、24.6%、32.0%的变异.增温、秸秆施用比对照处理显著(P0.05)提高了脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性.土壤呼吸与脲酶活性存在线性回归关系,其P值为0.061,接近显著水平;土壤呼吸与转化酶(P=0.013)、过氧化氢酶活性(P=0.002)均存在极显著的线性回归关系.     

OSA剩余污泥超声波处理试验研究

分别采用不同超声功率、超声时间及脉冲比的超声波处理OSA工艺产生的剩余污泥,研究超声作用对细胞内容物的释放、酶活和污泥粒径的影响。研究结果表明,声能密度越大、超声处理时间越长,污泥被破坏程度越大,释放出的有机物浓度也就越高;较低的声能密度在短时间内可以促进微生物脱氢酶活性。从总体上看超声作用会降低微生物的脱氢酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性;超声处理在较短时间内即可实现对污泥絮状结构的解体,此后污泥颗粒的粒径分布保持相对稳定状态。     

pH值对零价铁自养反硝化过程的影响

以零价铁和硝酸盐为基质,通过批量实验和连续流发酵罐实验中铁自养反硝化脱氮速率的测定,研究了铁自养反硝化过程pH值的变化以及pH值对零价铁自养反硝化污泥活性的影响.批量实验采用4个添加污泥的反应瓶,初始pH值分别为6.2、6.7、7.5、8.8和一个初始pH为6.7的未添加污泥瓶.结果表明初始pH值6.7时表现出最高氮素脱除速度,其中未添加污泥的批量瓶pH持续上升至10左右,4个不同初始pH添加污泥的批量瓶的pH值后续均集中在7.5~7.8之间,难以凸显不同pH值对反硝化菌的影响.利用能够控制pH值稳定的连续流发酵罐,通过设立6、6.5、7、7.5、8这5个恒定的pH梯度,对微生物不同pH值条件下的适应性和活性进行观察,结果表明在pH为6.5时污泥活性最大,其氮脱除速率达到1.35mg·(L·h)~(-1).