Synthesis of copolyesters containing poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ε-caprolactone) units and their susceptibility toPseudomonas sp. lipase

Copolyesters containing poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(-caprolactone) (PCL) were synthesized from PET and PCL homopolymers by transesterification reaction at 270°C in the presence of catalyst. The copolyesters were characterized by¹³C-NMR and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The degradation behavior of PCL byPseudomonas sp. lipase in buffer solution (pH 7) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) was investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and¹H-NMR. From these experiments, it was found thatPseudomonas sp. lipase acted endoenzymatically on PCL. Using this lipase, degradation tests for PET/PCL copolyesters whose PCL content was below 50% by weight were also performed in buffer solution (pH 7). However, evenPseudomonas sp. lipase with high degradation activity on PCL did not easily degrade the PCL unit in PET/PCL copolyesters.     

氨氮测定方法的对比研究

用酶法和纳氏试剂分光光度法对跌水曝池生物滤池的进、出水中的氨氮进行了测定,用数理统计中的t检验法对两种方法的测定值进行了比较,结果表明:酶法具有测定结果准确、测定成分浓度范围宽、干扰少等优点,此快速、简便的方法适用于水中氨氮的测定。     

A multi-integrated approach on toxicity effects of engineered TiO2 nanoparticles

The new properties of engineered nanoparticles drive the need for new knowledge on the safety, fate, behavior and biologic effects of these particles on organisms and ecosystems. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been used extensively for a wide range of applications, e.g, self-cleaning surface coatings, solar cells, water treatment agents, topical sunscreens. Within this scenario increased environmental exposure can be expected but data on the ecotoxicological evaluation of nanoparticles are still scarce. The main purpose of this work was the evaluation of effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles in several organisms, covering different trophic levels, using a battery of aquatic assays. Using fish as a vertebrate model organism tissue histological and ultrastructural observations and the stress enzyme activity were also studied. TiO₂ nanoparticles (Aeroxide® P25), two phase composition of anatase (65%) and rutile (35%) with an average particle size value of 27.6±11 nm were used. Results on the EC₅₀ for the tested aquatic organisms showed toxicity for the bacteria, the algae and the crustacean, being the algae the most sensitive tested organism. The aquatic plant Lemna minor showed no effect on growth. The fish Carassius auratus showed no effect on a 21 day survival test, though at a biochemical level the cytosolic Glutathione-S-Transferase total activity, in intestines, showed a general significant decrease (p<0.05) after 14 days of exposure for all tested concentrations. The presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles aggregates were observed in the intestine lumen but their internalization by intestine cells could not be confirmed.     

Determination of enzymatic activities for the characterization of sediments

In‐vivo enzymatic activity tests have been used for the characterization of sediments. Sediment samples representing three typical situations on the river Elbe and one reference site on the river Spree were investigated from March to October 1993. Fresh sediments and pore water were analyzed for their dehydrogenase and proteolytic enzymatic activities, respectively. The dehydrogenase and protease activities varied depending on sampling site, date and kind of sample. From the mean values of the dehydrogenase activities over the whole period of investigation significant differences between the sampling sites became evident. The dehydrogenase activity of pore water rather than that of the whole sediment is suitable to differentiate between anthropogenically influenced and not influenced sites. The dehydrogenase activities in the contaminated samples were extremly higher than those in the uncontaminated samples. In contrast to this, samples from the uncontaminated sites showed a considerably higher specific proteolytic activity. This fact is interpreted as a possible enzymatic inhibition.     

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的酶促降解

测定了降解菌Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ ｓｐ．ＹＦ １１粗酶液对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的降解性能,粗酶液降解杀灭菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氯菊酯、溴氰菊酯氯菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯的最适ｐＨ分别为８．０、８．５、８．０、８．０、９．０、７．５;米氏常数分别为４１．４、１３６．８、６５．４、２２２．８、５．２、８．６７ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｌ;最适温度为３２．５℃,该粗酶液在ｐＨ５．０－１０．５均具有降解活性。     

杀灭菊酯的微生物降解及酶促降解

测定了降解菌ＹＦ１１及其胞内酶对杀灭菊酯的降解特性,在纯培养系统中,菌量为ＯＤ４１５ｎｍ０．２０时,ＹＦ１１对大于３０ｍｇ／Ｌ的杀灭菊酯的降解呈零级动力学特征,浓度为３０￣１００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,降解速率为１．８７６－２．１２４ｍｇ／（Ｌ·ｈ）;浓度大于２００ｍｇ／Ｌ的杀灭菊酯对降解菌ＹＦ１１的降解产生抑制作用,降解速率与菌量近似成正比关系,１０ｍｇ／Ｌ杀灭菊酯的降解曲线呈一级动力学特征。从ＹＦ１１提取     

地沟油脱胶工艺条件优化

研究地沟油的脱胶工艺,比较了磷酸脱胶、水脱胶和磷酸-水联合脱胶3种方法的脱胶效果,考察了脱胶温度、磷酸用量、酸化时间、水用量和水化时间对磷酸-水联合脱胶效果的影响,并通过正交试验对其脱胶条件进行了优化。结果表明,磷酸脱胶、水脱胶和磷酸-水联合脱胶的脱胶率分别为8.78%、68.18%和79.32%;磷酸-水联合脱胶的最优脱胶条件为:脱胶温度60℃,磷酸用量0.1%,酸化时间40 min,水用量3%,水化时间30 min,在此条件下,脱胶率为96.70%。因此,磷酸-水联合脱胶可除去地沟油中的胶体,达到生物柴油原料的要求。     

Dynamic changes in microbial activity and community structure during biodegradation of petroleum compounds： A laboratory experiment

With 110-d incubation experiment in laboratory,the responses of microbial quantity,soil enzymatic activity,and bacterial community structure to different amounts of diesel fuel amendments were studied to reveal whether certain biological and biochemical characteristics could serve as reliable indicators of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in meadow-brown soil,and use these indicators to evaluate the actual ecological impacts of 50-year petroleum-refining wastewater irrigation on soil function in Sbenfu irrigation area.Results showed that amendments of≤1000 mg/kg diesel fuel stimulated the growth of aerobic beterotrophic bacteria,and increased the activity of soil dehydrogenase,hydrogenperoxidase,polypbenol oxidase and substrate-induced respiration.Soil bacterial diversity decreased slightly during the first 15 d of incubation and recovered to the control level on day 30.The significant decrease of the colony forming units of soil actinomyces and filamentous fungi can be taken as the sensitive biological indicators of petroleum contamination when soil was amended with≥5000 mg/kg diesel fuel.The sharp decrease in urease activity was recommended as the most sensitive biochemical indicator of heavy diesel fuel contamination.The shifts in community structure to a community documented by Sphingomonadaceae withinα-subgroup of Proteobacteria could be served as a sensitive and precise indicator of diesel fuel contamination.Based on the results described in this paper,the soil function in Shenfu irrigation area was disturbed to some extent.     

Cloning, expression in Escherichia coli, and enzymatic properties of laccase from Aeromonas hydrophila WL-11

A strain WL-11 with high laccase activity was isolated from activated sludge collected from the effluent treatment plant of a textile and dyeing industry.It was identified as Aeromonas hydrophila by physiological test and 16S rDNA sequence analysis.A gene encoding of laccase from a newly isolated Aeromonas hydrophila WL-11 was cloned and characterized.Nucleotide sequence analysis showed an open reading frame of 1605 bp encoding a polypeptide comprised of 534 amino acids.The primary structure of the enzyme predicted the structural features characteristic of other laccases,including the conserved regions of four histidine-rich copper-binding sites.The predicted amino acid sequence showed a high homology(more than 60%) with bacterial laccases in the genome and protein databases and the highest degree of similarity(61% identity) was observed with the multicopper oxidase of Klebsiella sp.601.When expressed in Escherichia coli,the recombinant enzyme was overproduced in the cytoplasm as soluble and active form.The purified enzyme had an optimum pH of 2.6 and 8.0 for ABTS(2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazolinesulfonic acid) and DMP(2,6-dimethoxyphenol),respectively.The kinetic study on ABTS revealed a higher affinity of this enzyme to this substrate than DMP.     

Cd对小白菜生长及氮素代谢的影响研究

采用水培的方法,研究了不同Cd2 水平(0、1、2.5、5、10 mg·L-1)对小白菜叶片中铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸、叶绿素、部分营养元素含量以及蛋白水解酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺转化酶与合成酶活性的影响.结果表明,低浓度的Cd处理(1 mg·L-1)刺激了小白菜的生长,提高了小白菜的生物量、叶绿素含量以及硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶与转化酶活性.Cd处理降低了小白菜对Cu、Ca、Fe、Mg的吸收,但促进了P的吸收.10 mg·L-1的Cd处理显著降低了可溶性蛋白质含量、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和转化酶活性(p＜0.05),提高了蛋白水解酶活性,不利于叶片中铵态氮与硝态氮的同化,造成叶片中铵态氮和硝态氮的累积.小白菜叶片中游离脯氨酸含量与铵态氮含量成极显著正相关(p＜0.01),说明小白菜叶片中游离脯氨酸的累积在一定程度上缓解了铵的毒害.