A review on the production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass through conventional and enzymatic route—a comparison

The scarcity of fossil fuels has urged the economically developed countries to find the resources for an alternative energy sources. In apprehension to this, biofuels, like bioethanol and biobutanol, produced from lignocellulosic biomass were considered as potential alternative. There are several methods for the pretreatment of biomass before it is being used as a feedstock for the production of fermentable sugars. However, one of the crucial concerns here is to enumerate an economic pretreatment scheme that can be implemented in large scale for the production of mostly exposed cellulosic part from biomass. This will ensure an effective hydrolysis of cellulose for the production of fermentable sugars and the production of biobutanol from these derived sugars. Moreover, the keynote understanding of an effective fermentation is the production of less inhibitory compounds like furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural during the hydrolysis of cellulose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was reported as the most efficient method is this aspect. Trichoderma sp. was found the mostly used resources for the enzyme called cellulase and Aspergillus sp. for hemicellulase enzymes. The most crucial part here is the isolation of proper enzyme that will increase the rate of hydrolysis. Moreover, selection of proper pretreatment process will be a key benefit to the production of fermentable sugars through enzymatic hydrolysis. Based on the biomass nature, the evaluated hot water pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with a provision of enzyme reusability (like encapsulated or enzyme separation with membrane) seems to be promising for enhanced biofuel-production.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的酶促降解性的研究

测定了Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ ＦＳ１的邻苯二甲酸酯降解酶对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的降解特性;提出了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯酶促降解的途径,Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ ＦＳ１细胞中的颗粒部分、溶液部分对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯都具有降解作用,Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ ＦＳ１的邻苯二甲酸酯降解酶尾胞内酶;Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ ＦＳ１     

生物炭负载氨氮对土壤碳排放、酶活性及微生物群落的影响

土壤氮输入形式显著影响土壤CO₂ 排放.生物炭负载氨氮作为一种新型氮输入形式,既降低了农田化学氮肥投入,又减少了环境治理成本,其对推动国家化肥零增长、农田面源污染防治和实现国家“碳达峰”、“碳中和”目标意义重大.通过室内培养试验,设置不施肥（CK）、单施化学氮肥（CF）、生物炭配施化学氮肥（BF）和生物炭负载氨氮（BN）这4种处理,研究了不同氮输入形式对土壤碳排放、酶活性及微生物群落的影响.结果表明,与CF相比,BF显著提高了累计碳排放量（66.24 %）,而BN未见显著性差异.值得注意的是,BN累计碳排放量较BF处理显著降低了35.28 %.与CF和BF相比,BN处理β-葡萄糖苷酶,过氧化物酶,多酚氧化酶活性显著提高了20.25 %和5.20 %,36.72 %和36.19 %,90.36 %和61.36 %.与CF相比,BF处理提高了微生物群落丰富度和群落多样性,BN处理降低了微生物群落丰富度.与BF相比,BN处理变形菌门相对丰度降低了11.16 %,放线菌门和拟杆菌门相对丰度分别提高了8.12 %和5.83 %.对微生物群落结构影响最大的土壤因子是木糖苷酶活性,绿弯菌门相对丰度与纤维二糖水解酶活性极显著相关;芽单胞菌门相对丰度与β-葡萄糖苷酶活性极显著相关;变形菌门相对丰度与累计碳排放量呈极显著相关.综上所述,生物炭负载氨氮较生物炭配施化学氮肥显著减少了累计碳排放量,其减排效果更优.研究结果将有利于国家“双碳战略”落地、生物天然气产业健康发展、国家绿色种养循环农业体系构建和国家化肥零增长战略实现.     

微生物酶促高效提制废次烟草中烟碱的研究

采用酶促反应利用微生物发酵处理废次烟叶提取烟碱,对比发酵及微波协助等不同方式,利用分光光度法测定发酵体系中烟碱溶出含量,优选出发酵菌种,并探讨接种量和培养基质及不同工艺参数等对烟碱含量的影响。实验结果表明:选用白腐真菌和管囊酵母(1∶1)在微波协助处理下,当烟叶与水的重量比为3∶20,豆粕与烟叶重量百分比为15%,接种量40%,pH=6,30℃发酵48 h,能得到烟草中烟碱溶出浓度为3.291 g/L,为有效实现废次烟草减量化排放与资源化利用结合奠定基础。     

Effects of different pretreatment methods on the enzymatic hydrolysis of oak shell

Sawtooth Oak (Quercus acutissima) shells were used as a renewable and low-cost agricultural residue for bioethanol production for the first time. The efficiency of H₂SO₄, NaOH, steam explosion and the combination of these methods was compared in terms of delignification, saccharification efficiency and yield. The structural features of samples were characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR. Results show H₂SO₄/steam explosion resulted in the highest hemicellulose reduction (98.5%) and cellulose recovery yield (99.9%). NaOH /steam explosion resulted in the highest delignification level (31.5%). Steam explosion exhibited the highest enzymatic digestibility of 98.8% and total product yield of glucose of 84.8%, an increase of 130.8% and 98.1% than that of untreated oak shell, respectively, which seemed to be the most effective for improving enzymatic saccharification. The results of structural features showed the structure and surface of shells were changed that is in favor of the following enzymatic hydrolysis.     

物理-化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水的研究

桑皮纤维是一种资源可再生纤维素纤维，但在脱胶制取桑皮纤维过程中产生大量的废水，污染环境，限制了桑皮纤维的开发利用。采用调节pH值、絮凝、Fenton试剂催化氧化、活性炭吸附等物理-化学综合处理法处理桑皮脱胶废水，研究结果表明，通过物理化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水，COD总去除率达到97％以上，色度降到5倍。此方法处理效果明显、操作简单。     

A spectrophotometric method for detection of enzymatic degradation of thin polymer films

An assay method has been developed for monitoring the enzymatic degradation of thin films of translucent polymers. The method was based on the observation that when a solution-cast film of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) was exposed to a solution of a depolymerase fromPseudomonas lemoignei, the surface of the film roughened and the film became visibly turbid. This increase in turbidity could be measured spectrophotometrically and was reproducible during the initial stage of degradation. Turbidity correlated very closely with film weight loss early in the degradation but reached a maximum value before extensive degradation had taken place. For a given set of films, this correlation was independent of the concentration of the enzyme used, although it did vary with the mode of enzyme exposure. The turbidity was associated with the exposure of crystalline domains due to the removal of amorphous material from the film surface. The increase in crystallinity at the surface was verified by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATRIR). In conjunction with SEM, weight loss, and ATRIR, the film turbidity assay provided much semiquantitative insight into the mechanism of the enzymatic degradation reaction. This assay was used to study the enzymatic degradation of films of PHBV solution blended with cellulose acetate esters (CAE). The presence of only 25% of CAE of degree of substitution 2.9 severely hampered the enzymatic degradability of PHBV, a result which is consistent with the environmental degradation of these same samples exposed to activated sludge.     

Physical properties and biodegradability of blends containing poly(ε-caprolactone) and tropical starches

In order to assess feasibility of tropical starches (sago and cassava starches) as biodegradable plastic materials, blending with poly(-caprolactone) (PCL), a biodegradable polymer, was carried out. It was confirmed that the physical properties (tensile strength and elongation) of PCL/sago and PCL/cassava blends were similar to those of PCL/corn blend, suggesting that sago and cassava starches can also be blended with PCL for production of biodegradable plastic. However, the properties of all PCL/starch blends were still low compared with those of polyethylene. Enzymatic degradability evaluation showed that lipase degradation of PCL and-amylase degradation of starch increased as the starch content in the blend increased. Burial test of the blends for 1, 3, and 5 months was carried out and the rate of degradation of the PCL/sago blend was confirmed to be slower than those of PCL/corn and PCL/cassava blends. Observation of the film blends structure by scanning electron microscope revealed that the starch was dispersed in a PCL continuous phase. Furthermore, changes in the film surface before and after enyzme treatments were observed.     

过氧化物酶催化反应在工业废水处理中的应用

过氧化物酶能够催化过氧化氢与有机化合物如酚类、芳香胺类的氧化反应。结合过氧化物酶的催化氧化反应机理,对其在工业废水处理中的研究进行了综述。重点介绍其在含有酚类、芳香胺类和染料类物质的工业废水中的研究。     

Characterization and enzymatic degradation of a cross-linked bacterial polyester

The bacterial polyester, poly(-hydroxybutyrate-co--hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/V), was cross-linked with 1, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30 wt% benzoyl peroxide by thermal decomposition reactions. Solvent extractions were carried out to determine the cross-linked fractions of the films. The sol/gel data were used to estimate cross-link densities. Films of PHB/V cross-linked with 10% benzoyl peroxide were placed in contact with purified depolymerase A secreted byP. lemoignei. These samples exhibited weight loss rates which were half that of un-cross-linked PHB/V, but the network was degraded completely by the enzyme. The results of this study suggest that anendo-type enzymatic degradation may occur, in addition to theexo-type activity, which is normally presumed to occur with theP. lemoignei depolymerase system.