酸雨胁迫下铈、镧对萝卜保护酶系统影响的比较

溶液培养条件下,研究了酸雨胁迫条件下萝卜(Raphanus sativusL.,一点红)保护酶系统的响应及稀土元素镧、铈的防护作用,并就镧、铈的防护作用进行了比较。结果显示:酸雨导致萝卜保护酶系统的SOD、CAT、POD酶活性总体水平发生变化,SOD、POD活性增强,CAT活性减弱。w(La)=30mg·kg-1、w(Ce)=40mg·kg-1的施用降低了SOD、POD活性水平,增强了CAT活性,减弱了由于酸雨胁迫对萝卜幼苗保护酶系统所造成的影响,且镧的总体防护效应优于铈。这表明,适宜种类、适当剂量的稀土可以诱导植物抗逆性,促进其生长,降低酸雨胁迫损伤。     

生物法亚麻原茎脱胶过程及新工艺

研究了现行湿水浸渍亚麻脱胶过程中齐果胶酶的微生物数量和果胶酶活力变化规律,分离筛选出了一株产果胶酶活力较高的兼性厌氧菌株,研究了该菌株的种子培养条件,用正交试验法优化了接入兼性厌氧菌的亚麻脱胶工艺。结果表明：与温水浸渍方法相比,脱胶周期缩短30％,麻纤维质量有改善,图1表6参9     

Direct utilization of kitchen waste for bioethanol production by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) using locally isolated yeast

Kitchen wastes containing high amounts of carbohydrates have potential as low-cost substrates for fermentable sugar production. In this study, enzymatic saccharification of kitchen waste was carried out. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the enzymatic saccharification conditions of kitchen waste. This paper presents analysis of RSM in a predictive model of the combined effects of independent variables (pH, temperature, glucoamylase activity, kitchen waste loading, and hydrolysis time) as the most significant parameters for fermentable sugar production and degree of saccharification. A 100 mL of kitchen waste was hydrolyzed in 250 mL of shake flasks. Quadratic RSM predicted maximum fermentable sugar production of 62.79 g/L and degree of saccharification (59.90%) at the following optimal conditions: pH 5, temperature 60°C, glucoamylase activity of 85 U/mL, and utilized 60 g/L of kitchen waste as a substrate at 10 h hydrolysis time. The verification experiments successfully produced 62.71 ± 0.7 g/L of fermentable sugar with 54.93 ± 0.4% degree of saccharification within 10 h of incubation, indicating that the developed model was successfully used to predict fermentable sugar production at more than 90% accuracy. The sugars produced after hydrolysis of kitchen waste were mainly attributed to monosaccharide: glucose (80%) and fructose (20%). The fermentable sugars obtained were subsequently used as carbon source for bioethanol production by locally isolated yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida parasilosis, and Lanchancea fermentati. The yeasts were successfully consumed as sugars hydrolysate, and produced the highest ethanol yield ranging from 0.45 to 0.5 g/g and productivity between 0.44 g L^–1 h^–1 and 0.47 g L^–1 h^–1 after 24-h incubation, which was equivalent to 82.06–98.19% of conversion based on theoretical yield.     

碘普罗胺降解菌Pseudomonas sp. I-24共代谢降解性能研究

菌株Pseudomonas sp.I-24(I-24)难以利用碘普罗胺(IOP)作为唯一的碳源和能源进行生长和代谢,因此本研究选用淀粉、麦芽糖、葡萄糖和甘油作为I-24共代谢IOP的外加碳源,考察了在摇瓶实验中,不同外加碳源对I-24生长及降解IOP的影响.结果表明,I-24共代谢IOP符合一级反应动力学特征,淀粉对共代谢过程的促进作用最为显著,IOP的五日降解率可达到92.7%,I-24的IOP降解酶活力在培养第3 d达到最高0.182 mU,淀粉投加的最佳浓度为1 g·L-1,然而葡萄糖和麦芽糖分别对I-24的生长和电子传递系统活性(ETSA)有着最佳促进作用,表明降解菌生长过快将导致竞争性抑制,降低IOP降解率,同时ETSA与共代谢作用无直接关联.此外,从空白样表现出的酶活力得出IOP降解酶即使在低基质条件下同样可被诱导产生.     

表面活性剂强化超声波-离子液体预处理对水葫芦酶解的影响

为探讨表面活性剂对超声波-离子液体(US-IL)预处理木质纤维素的影响,本试验采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)强化US-IL对水葫芦进行预处理,通过酶解、组成成分、表面形貌、结晶度以及化学结构的变化对预处理效果进行考察.结果显示,与未添加SDS相比,超声波-离子液体-十二烷基硫酸钠(US-IL-SDS)预处理能够有效降低纤维素的结晶度并去除木质素,酶解还原糖产量、纤维转化率及其脱木率分别提高72.23%、58.74%及21.01%.并且,SEM、XRD以及FTIR结果也表明SDS能够促进US-IL对水葫芦结构的破坏.因此,将SDS运用于辅助US-IL预处理木质纤维素具有一定可行性和良好的运用前景.     

Enzymatic Degradation and Aminolysis of Microbial Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) Single Crystals

Solution-grown single crystals of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] were hydrolyzed by polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) depolymerase from Ralstonia pickettii T1. Enzymatic degradation proceeded from the edges of lamellar crystals, yielding serrated contour and small crystal fragments. Gel permeation chromatography analysis revealed that the molecular weights of the crystals decreased during enzymatic degradation, suggesting that the enzymatic hydrolysis of chain-folding regions at the crystal surfaces occurred in addition to the enzymatic degradation at crystal laterals or edges. After P(3HB-co-4HB) single crystals were aminolysed in 20% aqueous methylamine solution to remove the folded-chain regions and enzymatic degradation by lipase from Rhizopus oryzae to remove 4HB components at crystal surfaces of single crystal aminolyzed, it was found that a small amount (up to ca. 2 mol%) of 4HB component can be incorporated into the P(3HB) mother crystal lattice irrespective of the 4HB content.     

鲜切莲藕酶褐变的控制方法

通过单元抑制剂和多元复合抑制剂对鲜切莲藕多酚氧化酶和褐变度的影响研究表明:单元抑制剂L-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸和柠檬酸均能降低PPO活性和抑制酶褐变;多元复合抑制剂0.3? 0.1? 0.4%L-Cys也能有效控制鲜切莲藕的酶褐变,且多元复合抑制剂的作用比单元抑制剂效果更佳.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.     

Preparation conditions and swelling equilibria of biodegradable hydrogels prepared from microbial poly(γ-glutamic acid) and poly(ε-lysine)

Biodegradable hydrogels prepared by -irradiation from microbial poly(amino acid)s are reviewed. pH-sensitive hydrogels were prepared by means of -irradiation of poly(-glutamic acid) (PGA) produced byBacillus subtilis IFO3335 and poly(-lysine) (PL) produced byStreptomyces albulus in aqueous solutions. The preparation conditions, swelling equilibria, hydrolytic degradation, and enzymatic degradation of these hydrogels were studied. A hydrogel with a wide variety of swelling behaviors has been produced by -irradiation from a mixture solution of PGA and PL.Paper presented at the 4th International Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, October 11–14, 1995, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.     

R-工程菌表达产物酯酶B1的纯化及其特性

为将酯酶B1应用于果蔬农药残留的降解,对其进行分离纯化,并对其酶学特性进行研究。R-工程菌在LB液体培养基中37℃震荡培养14 h,细胞经石英砂冰浴研磨破壁,粗提酶液经硫酸铵分级盐析、Sephadex G-50分子筛柱层析脱盐、DEAE-Sepharose FastFlow离子交换层析、Sephadex G-75分子筛柱层析得到凝胶电泳均一的酯酶B1。SDS-PAGE结果表明,该酶分子量为67 kDa。酯酶B1的纯化倍数为43.4,收率为2.94％。该酶的最佳作用条件是37℃、pH=7.O,常温(25℃)下,酯酶B1的半衰期为62 h,42℃时该酶仍然十分稳定。酶促反应动力学曲线采用双倒数法,37℃时最大酶促反应速度Vm=0.73 mg/(mL·min),米氏常数Km=3.89 mg/mL。酯酶B1活力强、在常温下反应速度快、稳定高,说明其用于果蔬农残降解在技术上是可行的。本文将酯酶B1纯化至电泳纯,因而工艺复杂、收率较低,但在实际应用中,只需进行粗分离,工艺简单,收率高达70％,因此,该酶的开发应用在经济上也是可行的。