浙闽赣地区的火山金属矿床及其成因特征

本文对区内已知的Pb、Zn、Ag、Cu、Mo、Au和稀土等矿床确定出主要的火山金属矿床类型有五:火山热液型、斑岩型、火山沉积—热液迭加型、火山热液改造型和火山岩风化型。并简明地描述了它们的地质特征。刑不同方法测定了火山矿床形成时的温度和压力。根据火山岩中稀土和锶同位素组成确定了与成矿有关的岩浆来源。铅、硫同位素提供了成矿物质来源的信息。氢氧同位索组成表明火山金属矿床形成时天水起了重要作用,提出天水—火山成矿体系的成矿模式。     

新疆主要金矿床地质和地球化学特征

新疆地处中国西北部，矿产丰富，尤其是近10年来，在金矿地质科研和开采提炼方法的研究有了新的突破，使得新疆成为中国最重要的矿金地之一，新疆位于西伯利亚板块和印度板块之间，主要由若干个地块和褶皱造山带组成，迄今为止，已发现岩金矿床40余处，依据主要金矿床的构造背景，矿床地质和地球化学特征，可以得到下列认识；（1）金矿化作用主要发生于前寒武纪和华力西期；（2）产于华力西褶皱造山带中的主要金矿床类型有：浊积岩型，火山岩和韧性剪切带型；（3）金矿床具备良好的成矿地质条件，金在高背景区通过活化，迁移并富集于适宜的断裂活动带中，形成大而富的金矿床；（4）金矿床的主要控矿因素是地层，岩浆岩和构造，尤其是韧性剪切带；（5）通过成矿作用物理化学条件研究，金矿化作用是在浅成，中低温，低盐度和强还原环境下进行的；（6）稳定同位素资料显示，金矿床的成矿期在245－359Ma并主要集中于270Ma，（7）围岩蚀变主要有硅化，黄铁绢英岩化，黄铁矿化，钾化，钠化等，其中黄铁矿化，黄铁绢英岩化和玉髓化是良好的找矿标志；（8）根据S、C、Si,Sr,Pb同位素资料，成矿物质主要来源于下地壳和上地幔，并受到地壳混染；（9）依据H、O同位素资料，早期成矿过程中成矿流体以岩浆水和变质水为主，中晚期成矿过程中则以天水为主。     

锡田地区成矿地质特征及找矿方向

锡田地区属南岭成矿带的重要组成部分。自国土资源大调查项目开展以来,区内地质找矿工作进展明显,已发现规模较大的钨锡多金属矿脉20多条,矿床类型多种多样。通过对区内花岗岩地质、地球化学、控矿构造及主要钨锡矿床地质特征分析研究,提出锡田地区具有良好的找矿前景。     

合流制排水系统雨天溢流污染CMB法源解析

对上海市某合流制排水系统服务范围内的地表径流、旱流污水和管道沉积物的污染物特性进行检测分析,通过对比不同污染源的污染特征,确定Zn、NH+4-N、P的含量分别在地表径流、旱流污水和管道沉积物中具有特异性且相对稳定,提出以Zn/P、NH+4-N/Zn、P/K这3个无量纲比值作为上述3个排放源各自的特征参数,据此探讨了CMB法在合流制雨天溢流污染源解析中的应用,结果表明,地表径流、旱流污水和管道沉积物对溢流污染的平均贡献率分别为42.8%、12.2%、23.8%,解析结果可基本反映CSO污染的构成情况.研究方法与结果为合流制系统雨天溢流污染源解析提供了参考.     

美国矿床(山)环境地球化学研究动态及我国对策

矿床的开采所引发的环境问题越来越引起人们的重视,矿床环境地球化学研究成为一个重要研究领域。自20世纪90年代以来,美国在此领域取得了一些重要研究成果,文章对美国在矿床环境地球化学作用、矿床的地球化学背景和基准值、矿山(床)酸性排水和特殊矿床的环境效应等方面的最新研究成果进行总结,旨在为我国开展这方面的工作提供参考资料。作者建议我国应适时启动矿床(山)环境地球化学研究,特别是研究全国地球化学扫面资料在矿床环境方面的应用、流域性矿集区环境地球化学作用及其与生态关系、矿山环境治理(矿山复垦或矿山酸性排水降解)中地球化学作用机理等。     

沁河流域全新世特大洪水及其重现期初步研究

沁河流域是黄河三门峡以下主要的洪水来源之一。由于沁河流域的实测水文记录时间较短,可以考证的历史洪水记录的时间尺度仅有百年左右,因此,如何延长古洪水、历史洪水记录的时间,就成为河口村水库项目设计洪水可靠性的关键问题。以1982年洪水为参照,利用沉积地貌学方法,结合历史洪水调查的成果,对沁河流域全新世以来的特大洪水进行了初步研究。1982年洪水是沁河流域最大的实测洪水;2480±100aBP的洪水是全新世已知的最大古洪水,其洪峰流量达到12900m3/s;沁河流域千年一遇的洪水洪峰流量为5000m3/s左右。     

ASSESSING POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ASBESTOS FIBERS IN WATER SUPPLIES OF S. E. QUEBEC1

ABSTRACT: A comparative study of the concentration of asbestos fibers in drinking water supplies of southeastern Quebec was undertaken to assess the relative contributions of fibers by asbestos-bearing railway ballast and naturally occurring asbestos deposits. Water samples were taken from areas where one or the other potential sources or neither potential source was present. In addition, rainwater samples were taken to assess the importance of atmospheric contributions. The sampling design accounted for potential variations in fiber counts due to the season, location and analytical procedures. Fiber concentrations were estimated from counts made on a JEOL 100CX scanning transmission electron microscope and statistically compared among areas. These levels were then compared with levels found in other areas of Canada and the United States. The results indicate that the rail ballast could be contributing statistically (albeit marginally) significant quantities of fibers to water supplies during the summer but not in the spring. Estimated concentrations in water supplies ranged between 1.7 × 10⁶fibers/liter and 147.8 × 10⁶fibers/liter. Fiber levels in samples taken during the spring were significantly higher and more variable than those taken during the summer. The presence of fibers in rainwater samples at concentrations of 1.9 × 10⁶fibers/liter, 18.3 × 10⁶fibers/liter and 23.7 × 10⁶fibers/liter suggests that atmospheric transport may play an important role in contributing fibers to regional systems. Fiber levels found in these systems are not unique when compared to levels observed elsewhere in North America.     

Pesticide and Transformation Product Detections and Age‐Dating Relations from Till and Sand Deposits1

Abstract:  Pesticide and transformation product concentrations and frequencies in ground water from areas of similar crop and pesticide applications may vary substantially with differing lithologies. Pesticide analysis data for atrazine, metolachlor, alachlor, acetochlor, and cyanazine and their pesticide transformation products were collected at 69 monitoring wells in Illinois and northern Indiana to document occurrence of pesticides and their transformation products in two agricultural areas of differing lithologies, till, and sand. The till is primarily tile drained and has preferential fractured flow, whereas the sand primarily has surface water drainage and primary porosity flow. Transformation products represent most of the agricultural pesticides in ground water regardless of aquifer material – till or sand. Transformation products were detected more frequently than parent pesticides in both the till and sand, with metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid being most frequently detected. Estimated ground‐water recharge dates for the sand were based on chlorofluorocarbon analyses. These age‐dating data indicate that ground water recharged prior to 1990 is more likely to have a detection of a pesticide or pesticide transformation product. Detections were twice as frequent in ground water recharged prior to 1990 (82%) than in ground water recharged on or after 1990 (33%). The highest concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and their transformation products, also were detected in samples from ground water recharged prior to 1990. These age/pesticide detection relations are opposite of what would normally be expected, and may be the result of preferential flow and/or ground‐water mixing between aquifers and aquitards as evident by the detection of acetochlor transformation products in samples with estimated ground‐water ages predating initial pesticide application.     

汉江上游郧县前坊段全新世古洪水水文学研究

对汉江上游郧县段全新世古洪水滞流沉积层进行了沉积学和水文学研究。结果表明,该沉积物是古洪水悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境中堆积形成的,与黄土和古土壤显著不同。通过OSL测年和文化层的考古学断代,表明它所记录的特大古洪水事件发生在东汉时代（200 A.D.）。根据沉积学和水文学原理恢复古洪水水位高程,计算得到古洪水洪峰流量为65 830 m3/s;利用2011年汉江上游洪水洪痕记录的洪峰水位高程反演其洪峰流量,推算结果与实测数据误差仅09%,证明研究获得的古洪水水文数据合理可靠,从而为汉江上游的水利工程建设及流域内的防洪减灾提供了基础数据     

地震时黄土震陷量的估算方法

本文利用已有的震陷试验研究资料,并补充进行了相当数量的原状黄土的震陷试验。建立了考虑物性参数、固结应力、振次和地震动应力等因素的西北黄土残余应变的经验计算公式,提出了地震作用下黄土层震陷量的估算方法.并用该方法估算了兰州、西安、西宁、等城市的7个黄土场地的震陷量,给出了每一场地的震陷量随地震动加速度的变化曲线.从而为黄土地区的地震灾害预测预防和地基抗震设计研究提供了一种定量方法.