煤与瓦斯突出预测的QGA-LSSVM模型

为快速、有效地对煤与瓦斯突出类型作出预测,运用灰色关联和因子分析模型对所选主要的判别指标进行分析提取,利用量子遗传算法(QGA)对最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)的参数作寻优处理,最终建立QGA-LSSVM煤与瓦斯突出预测模型。选取从砚石台矿区历史实测的数据,以96∶20的比例对该模型进行训练与测试,并将预测结果与其他预测模型的预测效果进行了比较。研究结果表明:对判别指标进行灰色关联分析可以有效去除对煤与瓦斯突出影响作用小的指标;用因子分析进行公共因子提取,可以有效减少数据信息冗余;利用QGA优化的LSSVM模型能使结果避免陷入局部最优解,用该模型可以有效预测煤与瓦斯突出类型,误判率为0。     

空气重污染应急措施对北京市PM2.5的削减效果评估

利用嵌套网格空气质量模式系统(NAQPMS)模拟了2013年1月10~14日一次典型的大气严重污染过程,并利用同期气象和污染物浓度的小时观测数据验证了NAQPMS的模拟结果.敏感性试验结果表明,在重污染期间,当仅实施《北京市空气重污染应急预案(试行)》一级预警中机动车单双号限行措施时,可削减北京PM2.5小时平均浓度4%~10%;当仅实施工业限产减排30%的措施时,可削减北京PM2.5小时平均浓度1%~6%;当同时实施机动车单双号限行和工业限产减排30%的措施时,可削减北京平均PM2.5小时平均浓度6%~12%,并且PM2.5小时浓度与削减率的变化趋势呈反相关,即该措施对污染较轻时段PM2.5浓度削减率高于污染峰值时段;若京津冀地区两市一省同时实施机动车单双号限行和工业限产减排30%的措施时,可削减重污染期间北京小时平均PM2.5浓度20%~35%,且污染严重的区域和时段削减效果更加显著,空气质量可提升一个等级.研究结果表明,当北京发生重污染时,仅靠北京本地限排限产并不能有效减轻PM2.5浓度,若要有效控制北京重污染,应根据污染物区域输送特征,京津冀地区实施大气污染联防联控.     

户外噪声相干预测模型及其工程应用

基于几何衍射理论、相干虚源法等理论方法,提出一种适合于工程算法的户外噪声相干预测模型.该相干预测模型不仅能计算声源在经过有限长声屏障或多重声屏障时,由于多条路径衍射声形成的相干声场,还可计算声源在屏障等界面之间经多次反射后,多个反射声形成的相干声场.应用该相干预测模型对某变电站电力变压器周围的相干声场进行预测,通过与ISO9613-2标准算法、边界元法与实测值进行对比,结果表明,该户外噪声相干预测模型能反映出声波在不同位置处的波动性,比原有的ISO9613模型更接近测试结果,证明了所提理论模型的有效性,可应用于大范围的户外噪声预测计算.     

矿井气候多参数预测与通风网络自动解算算法研究

为了对受矿井气候影响的通风网络进行自动解算,并能在实际矿井中应用,提出了一种快速的通风网络自动解算算法。矿井气候对通风网络的影响体现在自然风压上,首先对影响自然风压的温度参数进行预测,在不考虑自然风压的前提下进行解算,以此结果为基础,根据热交换原理计算出通风网络各分支节点的温度;然后对相关变量:压强、密度、自然风压、通风阻力相互关系推导为只含有压强这一变量的函数;最后对含有自然风压的矿井通风网络迭代计算。实验结果表明:该算法实现井下各节点密度和压强的预测和含有自然风压的矿井通风网络自动解算。     

基于能源碳排放预测的中国东部地区达峰策略制定

中国东部的11个省市是中国经济最发达的地区,其碳排放量约占全国碳排放量的1/2.随着气候变化的加剧和国际社会的关注,中国政府制定了区域差异化的达峰目标,因此,预测该地区碳排放对于评估中国能否实现达峰目标具有重要意义.本文基于中国东部11省市1997-2017年的面板数据,采用STIRPAT模型来预测不同情景下的碳排放趋势,并据此分析东部地区整体碳排放达峰的可能性.结果发现,有7个省市碳排放可能在2030年之前达峰,其中,北京、上海将最早出现碳排放峰值,达峰时间可能为2022年;然而,另外4个省市碳排放较难在2030年之前达峰.从东部地区整体来看,该地区碳排放达峰时间在2028-2033年,峰值为5018.03×10⁶~5497.20×10⁶ t.因此,东部地区整体碳排放可以在2030年左右达峰,为较好地实现中国整体碳排放达峰目标奠定了基础;此外,考虑到东部各省市的碳排放达峰情况存在差异,应根据各省市的实际情况制定差异化的达峰目标.     

Ecological risk assessment based on freshwater consumption dynamic analysis of Xiamen City,China

Freshwater is the lifeline of a city. Shortages in urban water supply and ecological losses occur when freshwater supply capacity and demand are imbalanced. Therefore, systematic research on the risk of freshwater consumption in urban areas is urgently demanded. A scientific understanding of the risk of urban water consumption will contribute to the efficient use of freshwater resources and ensure the stability and sustainable development of cities. Taking Xiamen City as the study area, we evaluated the ecological risk of freshwater consumption scenarios in the years 2020 and 2030 using a multilevel characterization method for urban ecological risk, stepwise regression analysis, and a gray prediction model. The results of our evaluation show that freshwater consumption in Xiamen is highly correlated with the total population, the crop acreage, the proportion of secondary industry, and the treatment rate of domestic sewage. In the 2020 and 2030 scenarios, freshwater consumption in Xiamen City is predicted to increase. Meanwhile, with the construction of water conservancy facilities, the supply capacity of freshwater in Xiamen City will be greatly improved. Therefore, the ecological impacts of freshwater consumption in the 2020 and 2030 scenarios were at the middle and low levels. In this study, the validity of the multilevel characterization method described herein for urban ecological risk has been confirmed. However, calculation of scenario probability is a difficult problem in the framework of this method, and future research should address this issue.     

Adapting to new policy environment – past pattern and future trend in us-sino waste plastic trade flow

Plastics are one of the most used materials in human activities, where consumer consumption and industrial production together has imposed vast rise in demand for this material in last century. While plastic is ideally derived from crude oil as a primary source from manufacturers’ perspective, varying crude oil prices are driving manufacturers economically to seek for alternative sources for plastics production. Waste plastic recovered from obsolete consumer products thus becomes an economic substitution for virgin plastics, which is further intensified with the possibility of international waste plastic trading. This study focuses on waste plastic trade between the US and mainland China by performing a correlation analysis of trade data. It is suggested in this study that although waste plastics are traded from the US to mainland China in general, as many of us believes, the route is gradually shifting in the past years. With tightening Chinese customs regulations, waste plastic from the US now tends to take a transit in a third destination (Hong Kong SAR for instance) for preliminary treatment to bypass Chinese customs inspection. Such phenomenon is worth noting, as a complication in waste plastic trading route hinders waste plastic transboundary movement monitoring. Furthermore, it will have adverse consequent consumer, industrial, and environmental impacts. It is thus necessary for national competent authorities to strengthen cooperative study and communication capacity in the future as a response to the changing waste plastic trade pattern.     

Political drivers of epidemic response: foreign healthcare workers and the 2014 Ebola outbreak

This study demonstrates that countries responded quite differently to calls for healthcare workers (HCWs) during the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014. Using a new dataset on the scale and timing of national pledges and the deployment of HCWs to states experiencing outbreaks of the virus disease (principally, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone), it shows that few foreign nations deployed HCWs early, some made pledges but then fulfilled them slowly, and most sent no HCWs at all. To aid understanding of such national responses, the paper reviews five theoretical perspectives that offer potentially competing or complementary explanations of foreign government medical assistance for international public health emergencies. The study systematically validates that countries varied greatly in whether and when they addressed HCW deployment needs during the Ebola crisis of 2014, and offers suggestions for a theory‐driven inquiry to elucidate the logics of foreign interventions in critical infectious disease epidemics.     

Stigma in science: the case of earthquake prediction

This paper explores how earthquake scientists conceptualise earthquake prediction, particularly given the conviction of six earthquake scientists for manslaughter (subsequently overturned) on 22 October 2012 for having given inappropriate advice to the public prior to the L'Aquila earthquake of 6 April 2009. In the first study of its kind, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 17 earthquake scientists and the transcribed interviews were analysed thematically. The scientists primarily denigrated earthquake prediction, showing strong emotive responses and distancing themselves from earthquake ‘prediction’ in favour of ‘forecasting’. Earthquake prediction was regarded as impossible and harmful. The stigmatisation of the subject is discussed in the light of research on boundary work and stigma in science. The evaluation reveals how mitigation becomes the more favoured endeavour, creating a normative environment that disadvantages those who continue to pursue earthquake prediction research. Recommendations are made for communication with the public on earthquake risk, with a focus on how scientists portray uncertainty.     

COVID-19疫情期间京津冀大气污染物变化及影响因素分析

为了应对COVID-19疫情,京津冀地区采取了一系列严格的管控措施,这些措施导致了大气污染物人为源排量的减少,为探究大气污染受人类活动的影响程度提供了时机.将疫情防控分为前期、初期、中期和后期这4个阶段,并结合气象、交通量和工业数据,综合运用数理统计和空间分析方法,得出各时间段大气污染物的变化情况及影响因素,为京津冀地区进一步治理大气污染提出了合理化建议.结果表明：①京津冀三地在疫情防控期总体的AQI值和6项污染物同比2019年均有下降,其中SO₂、PM₁₀和NO₂的降幅较大（分别为26.5%、24.3%和16.9%）;由初期到后期,各污染物（除O₃）总体处于下降趋势;O₃在初期增幅大（76.2%）,中后期增幅放缓.②防控初期北京市的重污染天气是污染物本地积累、二次转化和区域传输共同作用的结果;北京2月份的PM_2.5浓度同比相似气象条件下的2014年2月偏低近6成;若仅考虑人为减排的影响,则各污染物浓度同比2019年均有下降.③防控中后期,随着交通量和工业复工率进一步扩大,各污染物变化趋于平稳或有微升;重工业城市的热异常辐射强度与主要污染物的灰色关联度大于0.6,即控制工业排量仍是治理大气污染的关键.