Lead(II) and cadmium(II) removal from aqueous solution using processed walnut shell: kinetic and equilibrium study

The biosorption potential of processed walnut shell for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions was explored. The effects of pH, contact time, initial ion concentration, and amount of dried adsorbent were studied in batch experiments. The maximum adsorption was achieved within the pH range 4.0–6.0. The equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities were found to be 32?g?kg^?1 and 11.6?g?kg^?1 for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions, respectively. Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The structural features of the adsorbent were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which confirmed the involvement of hydroxyl (–OH), carboxyl (–COO^–), and carbonyl (C=O) groups in metal sorption. This readily available adsorbent is efficient in the uptake of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from an aqueous solution and could be used for the treatment of wastewater streams bearing these metal ions.     

基于几何参数的优化对双层柱面网壳结构动力性能的影响

以双层柱面网壳为研究对象,采用参数化设计语言APDL对AN SY S进行二次开发,实现了任意跨度双层柱面网壳的自动建模、加载、施加约束及求解。借此平台对柱面网壳结构进行模态和地震反应分析。首先,分析了结构自振特性随几何参数变化的特点,研究了结构的基频随矢跨比和网壳厚度的变化规律,结果表明,当矢跨比在1/3.6~1/5该范围内,结构的整体刚度较大;网壳厚度在1.8~2.1 m时,网壳整体刚度较大;对于矢跨比一定的网壳,随着厚度的增加,杆件的动内力大多增加,横向弦杆的二维与单维动内力比值有所增加,而纵向弦杆的二维与单维动内力则变化不大。然后,对网壳进行不同几何参数下的地震反应分析,给出了最大节点位移和最大杆件轴应力随几何参数变化的时程响应曲线,揭示了这类网壳的地震反应特点。     

孔径分布和溶液浓度对碳气凝胶电极电吸附除盐性能的影响分析

在不同进水浓度下,采用两种比表面积相似但是孔径分布不同的碳气凝胶作为电极进行了一系列电吸附除盐平衡试验.结果表明,随着溶液浓度的变化,不同的孔径分布对碳气凝胶除盐效果影响不一样.其机理为双电层的存在,使得碳气凝胶空隙内的双电层扩散层相互叠加;同时,根据德拜定律,碳气凝胶空隙内的双电层扩散层在不同浓度溶液中厚度不同,从而使得双电层扩散层相互叠加的情况也随浓度变化而变化.这两种作用共同导致了实验结果.当溶液浓度为 0.01 mol·L-1时,选择主要孔径不小于20hm的碳气凝胶电极;当溶液浓度为 0.1 mol·L-1时,应选用主要孔径不小于 10nm 的材料;当溶液浓度为几 mol·L-1时.则分散层几乎消失,孔径大小对电吸附性能影响几乎不考虑.     

Efficient adsorption of Mn(Ⅱ) by layered double hydroxides intercalated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and the mechanistic study

In this study, greatly enhanced Mn(II) adsorption was achieved by as-synthesized diethylenetriaminepentaacetate acid intercalated Mg/Al layered double hydroxides(LDHsDTPA). The adsorption capacity of LDHs-DTPA was 83.5 mg/g, which is much higher than that of LDHs-EDTA(44.4 mg/g), LDHs-Oxalate(21.6 mg/g) and LDHs(28.8 mg/g). The adsorption data of aqueous Mn(II) using LDHs-DTPA could be well described by the pseudosecond order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamics study results also showed that the adsorption process of Mn(II) by LDHs-DTPA was exothermic as indicated by the negative ΔH value. Furthermore, based on the structural, morphological and thermostable features, as well as FT-IR and XPS characterizations of LDHs-DTPA and the pristine LDHs, the adsorption mechanism of Mn(II) was proposed. The carboxyl groups of DTPA were proposed to be the main binding sites for Mn(II), and the hydroxyl groups of LDHs also played a minor role in the adsorption process. Among the three common regeneration reagents, 0.1 mol/L Na_2CO_3 was the best for reusing LDHs-DTPA in Mn(II)adsorption. Besides, the Mn(II) adsorption performance could be hindered in the presence of typical inorganic ions, especially cations. Further specific modifications of LDHs-DTPA are suggested to get more selective adsorption of Mn(II) in practical applications.     

净化含氮有机污染物的催化剂及工艺

介绍了两种催化剂PCN-1,PCN-2型对含氮有机物如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、正丁胺、环己胺、苯胺、硝基苯等深度氧化的活性及控NO_x能力。实验结果表明,由PCN-1、PCN构成的双催化剂处理DMF或DMF与甲苯、DMF与甲乙酮的混合蒸气,其氧化活性和控NO_x能力比单一催化剂为好。在240—300℃温度范围即可完全氧化,控NO_x率达98％以上,净化气无色无臭。本工艺可用于PU合成革生产线烘道排气的净化处理。     

新型生物质活性炭烟气脱硫研究

以农业废弃物核桃壳为原料,天然软锰矿为添加剂共混制备得到的新型生物质柱状活性炭进行烟气脱硫的性能研究.采用固定床反应器进行脱硫实验,装填活性炭质量为16 g,考察了进口SO2含量、空速、床层温度、水蒸气和氧气含量等工艺参数对活性炭脱硫性能的影响.结果表明,进口SO2含量在0.1%～0.3%(体积含量)范围内时,活性炭的穿透硫容和穿透时间随着进口SO2含量的升高而降低;空速越大,活性炭越容易穿透,较佳的空速为600 h-1;最适的床层温度为80℃,过高会降低脱硫效率;水蒸气和氧气的存在大大促进了活性炭对SO2的吸附性能,最佳水蒸气含量为10%,最佳氧气含量为10%～13%.在最佳工艺操作条件下,当进口SO2含量为0.2%时,活性炭穿透硫容为252 mg.g-1,穿透时间可达26 h.     

天然水颗粒电动电位的化学模型

结合表面络合化学和双电层物理理论建立天然水颗粒电动电位(即ζ电位)与颐粒表面固有的化学性质及天然水化学条件之间的定量关系。在不同化学条件下,对均匀胶体颗粒(包括聚苯乙烯Latex颗粒和α-Fe_2O_3颗粒)进行电泳测定来验证该模型。结果表明,颗粒表面ζ电位与颗粒表面离子化官能团(—COOH或—OH)的化学性质、天然水pH值和专属吸附的阴阳离子(Ca~(2+)和PO_4~(3-))有密切关系。     

Fluid30单元在同轴圆柱壳固有特性计算中的适用性分析

目的分析Fluid30单元用于内侧含环形间隙流体同轴圆柱壳固有特性计算的适用性。方法针对内侧含环形间隙流体的同轴圆柱壳模型,分别基于"Fluid30单元"和"理论流体附加质量"对壳体固有特性进行分析。通过变间隙宽度对比计算,探究壳体固有特性随无量纲半径比的变化规律,分析波动方程离散化对计算结果的影响,判定Fluid30单元的适用范围。结果半径比与固有频率之间呈非线性关系,半径比越小,壳体固有频率越低,固有频率随半径比变化率越大。波动方程离散化引起的误差随半径比减小而增大,以相对误差10%作为Fluid30单元适用性判别标准,(1,2)壳式频率对应的临界半径比为1.20,(1,3)壳式频率对应的临界半径比为1.03,其他壳式频率对应的临界半径比小于1.001。结论不同阶频率的Fluid30单元适用范围不同,当半径比小于临界值时,相关频率应基于理论流体附加质量迭代计算。     

提高深盲孔壳类零件温冲压模具寿命的措施

采用合理的模具结构、选择合适的模具材料、采用适宜的热处理工艺和表面强化工艺以及提高模具的加工质量等都可以显著提高温冲压模具的使用寿命。分析了超高强度钢制深盲孔壳体温冲压成形时,模具的工作条件及其失效形式,提出了能有效提高该壳体温冲压模具寿命的具体措施。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定椰子壳水解液中的糖

采用衍生化—萃取法处理含糖样品 ,毛细管气相色谱测定糖的方法 ,测定了椰子壳水解液中糖的含量。结果表明 ,该方法简便、可靠 ,方法的相对标准偏差小于 5 %