xDLVO理论解析微滤膜海藻酸钠污染中pH值影响机制

用extended Derjaguin-Laudau-Verwey-Overbeek(xDLVO)理论定量解析不同pH值下海藻酸钠微滤膜污染过程中的界面相互作用,评价范德华力(LW)、双电层作用力(EL)、极性力(AB)对海藻酸钠微滤膜污染的相对贡献.结果表明,在pH5~9范围内,AB相互作用能起着关键作用,决定了总界面相互作用能的性质与强度.不同pH值下海藻酸钠微滤膜污染趋势(K)为pH 5 > pH 7 > pH 8 > pH 9. 由于与海藻酸钠之间的界面作用为引力,疏水性膜在过滤初期膜污染更为严重;污染后期亲、疏水性膜污染行为差异不明显,因为此时海藻酸钠之间的排斥性界面作用为主导.初始、后期阶段K值分别与膜-海藻酸钠界面自由能、海藻酸钠-海藻酸钠界面自由能有较强的线性相关性,说明xDLVO理论可以有效预测不同pH值下海藻酸钠微滤膜污染行为.     

污泥焚烧过程中Pb的迁移行为及吸附脱除

在一维固定燃烧炉上进行了城市污水污泥层燃模拟实验,重点研究了不同焚烧工况条件下重金属Pb的迁移行为和形态转化特征,并利用4种固体吸附剂(CaO、Al2O3、粉煤灰和高岭土)对污泥焚烧过程中Pb的排放进行脱除,同时把结果与热力学模型计算进行了对比. 热力学平衡计算得到污泥焚烧过程中Pb主要以PbO(g)形式挥发,当氯化物存在时,Pb主要以PbCl2(g)形式挥发,并且Cl有促进Pb挥发的趋势;当硫化物存在时,Pb主要以PbSO4(s)形式存在,阻滞了Pb的挥发;固体吸附剂Al2O3、SiO2、CaO的加入有稳定的(PbO)(Al2O3)(s)、PbSiO3(s)和CaPbO4(s)化合物生成,延缓了PbO(g)生成温度,并且Al2O3对Pb脱除效果优于SiO2和CaO. 焚烧实验得到,随着焚烧温度的升高,焚烧底渣中Pb的残留量有减小趋势,并且底渣中Pb的易还原态比例逐渐增加,残渣态比例有下降趋势;焚烧时间的延长,对焚烧过程中Pb的挥发影响不大,但底渣中Pb的残渣态比例有所减小.焚烧过程中水分的增加导致Pb的氯化态向氧化态转变,阻滞了Pb的氯化物挥发,而空气过剩系数的增加,导致Pb的残留率下降.污泥焚烧过程中固体吸附剂CaO、Al2O3、粉煤灰和高岭土的加入有利于Pb的残留并固定在焚烧底渣中,从控制Pb挥发角度来看,CaO及Al2O3的效果要优于粉煤灰和高岭土.     

基于保护地下水的北京市土壤通用筛选值推导

分别采用三相平衡耦合地下水稀释模型(以下称方法1)和SESOIL耦合地下水稀释模型(以下称方法2)对北京市不同水文地质条件(永定河山前冲洪积扇顶部区域、中上部区域和下部区域)下27种VOCs(挥发性有机污染物)、31种SVOCs(半挥发性有机污染物)、11种农药/PCBs(多氯联苯)及二英基于保护地下水的土壤通用筛选值进行推导. 结果表明,下部区域土壤通用筛选值最保守,顶部区域次之,中上部区域最宽松. 采用方法1推导的中上部区域土壤通用筛选值分别是顶部区域和下部区域的1.1~1.4、9.9~34.9倍,顶部区域土壤通用筛选值是下部的10.7~24.9倍;采用方法2推导的中上部区域土壤通用筛选值是下部区域的9.8~49.9倍. 对于有连续非饱和带弱水层的中上部区域及下部区域,方法2推导的结果较方法1宽松. 其中,PAHs(多环芳烃)、PCBs、二英、多数农药及酯类等高K_oc(有机碳-水分配系数)污染物均难以穿透清洁非饱和土壤进入地下水;而对于VOCs、酚类等低K_oc污染物,方法2推导的中上部区域土壤通用筛选值普遍是方法1的4.3~18.4倍,下部区域为方法1的3.0~24.6倍. 考虑到土壤通用筛选值应具有风险筛选功能及一定保守性,建议各种污染物以顶部区域方法1推导结果及中上部区域和下部区域方法2推导结果中最保守的值作为北京市基于保护地下水的土壤通用筛选值.      

Non-cooperative and cooperative climate policies with anticipated breakthrough technology

Global warming can be curbed by pricing carbon emissions and thus substituting fossil fuel with renewable energy consumption. Breakthrough technologies (e.g., fusion energy) can reduce the cost of such policies. However, the chance of such a technology coming to market depends on investment. We model breakthroughs as an irreversible tipping point in a multi-country world, with different degrees of international cooperation. We show that international spill-over effects of R&D in carbon-free technologies lead to double free-riding, strategic over-pollution and underinvestment in green R&D, thus making climate change mitigation more difficult. We also show how the demand structure determines whether carbon pricing and R&D policies are substitutes or complements.     

膜吸收法脱除电厂模拟烟气中的CO2

以氨基乙酸钾、一乙醇胺和甲基二乙醇胺水溶液为吸收液,研究了聚丙烯膜接触器分离模拟烟气中CO₂的技术.分析了气液流速、吸收剂浓度、烟气CO₂浓度和吸收液CO₂负荷等对传质速率和脱除率的影响.结果表明:1mol·L^-1MEA在流速0.1m·s^-1,烟气流速0.211m·s^-1时,CO₂传质速率高达7.1mol·(m²·s)^-1;1mol·L^-1氨基乙酸钾在流速0.05m·s^-1,烟气流速0.211m·s^-1时,脱除率为93.2%;4mol·L^-1氨基乙酸钾在同样条件下脱除率达98%;而且在试验的较广烟气CO₂浓度范围内,氨基乙酸钾CO₂脱除率保持在90%以上.试验证明膜吸收法既适合目前最为普遍的PF和NGCC烟道气脱除CO₂,也是一种应用广泛、有良好发展前景的CO₂分离法.     

陶瓷膜处理废乳化液的实验

考察了在不同温度、不同浓缩倍数条件下陶瓷膜对废乳化液的处理效果及渗滤液通量变化情况。结果表明:温度为30℃时,CODCr和矿物油的截留率均达90%以上。此外还确定了膜的清洗方法,为实际应用提供基础数据。     

Effect of chemical dose on phosphorus removal and membrane fouling control in a UCT-MBR

Phosphorus removal was enhanced effectively by dosing aluminum sulfate and effluent phosphorus concentration was lower than 0.5 mg/L. Sludge activity was not inhibited but improved slightly with addition of aluminum sulfate. EPS concentrations both in mixed liquid and on membrane surface were decreased, contributing to the effective mitigation of membrane fouling. To enhance phosphorus removal and make the effluent meet the strict discharge level of total phosphorus (TP, 0.5 mg/L), flocculant dosing is frequently applied. In this study, the performance of aluminum sulfate dosing in a University of Cape Town Membrane Bioreactor (UCT-MBR) was investigated, in terms of the nutrients removal performance, sludge characteristics and membrane fouling. The results indicated that the addition of aluminum sulfate into the aerobic reactor continuously had significantly enhanced phosphorus removal. Moreover, COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal were not affected and effluent all met the first level A criteria of GB18918-2002. In addition, the addition of aluminum sulfate had improved the sludge activity slightly and reduced trans-membrane pressure (TMP) increase rate from 1.13 KPa/d to 0.57 KPa/d effectively. The membrane fouling was alleviated attributed to the increased average particle sizes and the decreased accumulation of the small sludge particles on membrane surface. Furthermore, the decline of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) concentration in mixed sludge liquid decreased its accumulation on membrane surface, resulting in the mitigation of membrane fouling directly.     

Experimental and computational assessment of 1,4-Dioxane degradation in a photo-Fenton reactive ceramic membrane filtration process

• 1,4-Dioxane was degraded via the photo-Fenton reactive membrane filtration. • Degradation efficiency and AQY were both enhanced in photocatalytic membrane. • There is a tradeoff between photocatalytic degradation and membrane permeation flux. • Degradation pathways of 1,4-Dioxane is revealed by DFT analysis. The present study evaluated a photo-Fenton reactive membrane that achieved enhanced 1,4-Dioxane removal performance. As a common organic solvent and stabilizer, 1,4-Dioxane is widely used in a variety of industrial products and poses negative environmental and health impacts. The membrane was prepared by covalently coating photocatalyst of goethite (α-FeOOH) on a ceramic porous membrane as we reported previously. The effects of UV irradiation, H₂O₂ and catalyst on the removal efficiency of 1,4-Dioxane in batch reactors were first evaluated for optimized reaction conditions, followed by a systematical investigation of 1,4-Dioxane removal in the photo-Fenton membrane filtration mode. Under optimized conditions, the 1,4-Dioxane removal rate reached up to 16% with combination of 2 mmol/L H₂O₂ and UV₃₆₅ irradiation (2000 µW/cm²) when the feed water was filtered by the photo-Fenton reactive membrane at a hydraulic retention time of 6 min. The removal efficiency and apparent quantum yield (AQY) were both enhanced in the filtration compared to the batch mode of the same photo-Fenton reaction. Moreover, the proposed degradation pathways were analyzed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which provided a new insight into the degradation mechanisms of 1,4-Dioxane in photo-Fenton reactions on the functionalized ceramic membrane.     

老龄垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物在SAARB和MBR处理过程的转化特征

生物法是常用的垃圾渗滤液处理工艺,然而垃圾渗滤液中有机物组成极为复杂,在生物处理过程有机物被完全去除、新产生、减少、保留和增加的5种情形不明.本文采用了超高分辨质谱电喷雾电离傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱从分子层面研究老龄垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物（DOM）分别在矿化垃圾床（SAARB）和膜生物反应器（MBR）处理过程的转化特征.结果表明,老龄垃圾渗滤液含有5000多个DOM分子式,主要由CHO、CHON、CHOS和CHONS类物质组成,分子组成十分复杂.经过SAARB和MBR处理后,出水中DOM数量分别小幅降低至4909和4864种,SAARB和MBR作为生物法对老龄垃圾渗滤液中有机物分子去除特性相似,被完全去除和减少的物质组成主要为生物可利用性较高的脂肪族类物质（H/C ≥ 1.5）、高度不饱和物质和酚类物质（0.50 ≥ AI,H/C<1.5）,这部分DOM表现出还原饱和的化学特性.新产生、保留和增加的部分物质主要是传统意义上指代的难降解有机物,其主要是高度不饱和物质和酚类物质（0.50 ≥ AI,H/C<1.5）以及芳香指数更高的多酚类物质（0.66 ≥ AI>0.50）,表现为氧化不饱和和还原不饱和的化学特性.本文揭示了老龄垃圾渗滤液在生物处理过程中DOM分子层面的转化特征,为老龄垃圾渗滤液在生物法高效处理提供理论参考.     

冬季黄东海一氧化碳的分布和海-气通量研究

为探究海洋中一氧化碳（CO）的排放对全球碳循环的意义,于2019年冬季采用顶空法对黄海和东海CO的分布和海-气通量进行了研究.结果表明,调查海域大气中CO的体积分数为239×10^-9~941×10^-9,平均值为（588±155）×10^-9.大气中CO体积分数最高值出现在北黄海近岸站位,最低值出现在东海南部,整体呈现黄海高、东海低的特点,且表现出明显的由近岸向外海降低趋势.表层海水CO浓度为0.39~2.80 nmol·L^-1,平均值为（1.23±0.45） nmol·L^-1.表层海水CO浓度高值区出现在东海东部,低值区出现在东海南部,受太阳光辐射和水团影响较大.CO的垂直分布上,浓度最大值一般出现在表层,随深度增加呈现逐渐降低的趋势.表层海水中过饱和系数α为0.99~8.67,平均值为2.61±1.42.CO海-气通量的变化范围为-0.05~41.38 nmol·m^-2·h^-1,平均值为（9.80±9.70） nmol·m^-2·h^-1.表层海水中CO浓度大多是过饱和的,表明冬季黄海和东海是其上方大气的源.这些数据对于估算全球碳排放具有重要作用.