填埋场渗漏检测高压直流电法等效电路模型的建立

通过对400V、350V、300V高压直流工作电压下小型模拟填埋场实验数据的分析 ,提出了简化的模型等效电路 .由于高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)衬层的存在使得模型具有了整流特性 ,其电容大小将随着衬层面积和供电电压的增加而增加 ;供电电极的接触电阻与大地的电阻率成正比 ,与电极的粗细及入土深度有关 .同时 ,接触电阻主要由电极附近的土壤电阻决定 ,大于10倍电极半径以外的土壤对接触电阻的影响不超过全部电阻的10% ,故降低电极附近土壤的电阻率可有效地降低电极的接触电阻 .     

Analysis of estrogenic activity in coastal surface waters of the Baltic Sea using the yeast estrogen screen

In the present study, the yeast estrogen screen (YES) has been used to assess the estrogenic activity in surface waters of a coastal region in the German Baltic Sea. Solid-phase extraction using the copolymer Oasis HLB followed by a clean-up on silica was carried out on approximately 50-l water samples. From the final 400 μl extract volume, 100 μl aliquots were used for the measurement of estrogenic activity and for chemical analysis, which was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). From 29 samples taken during two campaigns (2003 and 2004) at five different stations 27 samples showed an estrogenic response higher than 10%. The response in the YES was expressed as measured estradiol equivalents (EEQs), which were in the range of 0.01 (Darss Peninsula) to 0.82 ng/l (Inner Wismar Bay). Samples from stations located in inner coastal waters showed higher estrogenic activities than those from outer located stations. A comparison of measured estrogenicity (YES) and calculated estrogenicity (chemical analysis) showed significant differences, probably due to the presence of anti-estrogenic compounds and/or the estrogenic activity of unknown, not identified contaminants. The main contributors to the overall estrogenic activity were synthetic and natural hormones.     

成都冬季“干”气溶胶等效复折射率变化特征研究

基于成都市2017年12月逐时的"干"气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数观测数据，结合该时段同时次GRIMM180环境颗粒物分析仪的监测资料，利用免疫进化算法一体化反演550nm波长处"干"气溶胶等效复折射率的实部和虚部，并对其冬季变化特征进行了研究，结果表明："干"气溶胶等效复折射率实部和虚部分别为（1.547±0.0552）和（0.0197±0.00604）."干"气溶胶等效复折射率实部和虚部的日变化形态基本一致，主要表现为"单谷型"特征，二者的谷值出现时段位于15：00~18：00.在日时间尺度上而言，"干"气溶胶等效复折射率实部与质量浓度统计上对其散射消光的演化存在协同作用，"干"气溶胶虚部与质量浓度对其吸收消光的演化也存在类似影响."干"气溶胶等效复折射率虚部是单位质量浓度"干"气溶胶吸收消光能力的重要表征.     

鞍山市大气中多环芳烃健康影响评价

通过对鞍山市典型区域（6个污染源、4个居住区、一个对照点）大气颗粒物中PAHs的监测,采用BaP当量致毒系数TEF,研究了鞍山市大气颗粒物中典型PAHs毒性当量分布特征。研究结果表明,鞍山大气中典型PAHs污染主要以4～6环为主,不致癌BaP当量浓度为0．066ng/m3,致癌BaP当量浓度为12．7ng／m3,强致癌BaP当量浓度为8．1ng/m3,很强致癌BaP当量浓度为12．7ng／m3。BaP毒性当量浓度呈现出采暖期要远远高于非采暖期,工业区及工业区周边BaP毒性当量浓度要远远高于居住区和对照点。     

震灾保险的一种实用技术途径及其实施保障

本文提出一种独特的实用型震灾保险模式,通过烈度当量折合费率(CRPIE)的实时判定及延时承保机制(DIAM)的有效运行,对投保与灾后理赔进行科学、客观的动态调制,促成自然科学与社会科学的有机结合,从而可能使震灾保险所面临的一些难题得以解决,文中还从软科学的角度提出了对上述震灾保险新机制的实施保障。     

民机蒙皮材料紫外老化加速环境谱研究

研究紫外辐射环境对蒙皮材料的性能退化影响,进而对民机的紫外辐射防护设计提供重要依据,并依据其使用环境编制加速环境谱。通过分析民机的任务特点和使用环境,基于民机巡航高度下紫外辐射强度的仿真结果和相关紫外环境试验标准,提出了适用于民机蒙皮材料的紫外老化加速环境谱,给出了各试验条件的确定方法,以及加速环境谱与外场实际使用环境的当量加速关系。以民机机身部位蒙皮试样为例,初步开展了若干周期的紫外老化试验,蒙皮表面材料的形貌改变和性能退化验证了所提出的加速环境谱的可行性。     

±500kV直流复合绝缘子沿串积污特性研究

复合绝缘子的积污特性与瓷绝缘子和玻璃绝缘子有所不同,研究其积污规律对防止污闪有着重要意义。为此,以3支实际运行后的±500kV直流复合绝缘子为研究对象,系统测量其沿串不同位置的污秽度,用等值盐密(ESDD)和灰密(NSDD)表征。试验发现绝缘子不同伞上下表面的等值盐密和灰密大多呈现出U形的分布规律,尤其以等值盐密的U形分布更为明显,而且不同伞上下表面污秽U形分布规律性的强弱有一定差异。讨论了积污过程中电场对污秽沉积的作用以及自清洗过程中雨水冲洗的随机作用,更好地解释了直流复合绝缘子的沿串积污规律。     

Toxic equivalency factor approach for risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The toxic equivalency factor (TEF) method has been developed to evaluate structurally related compounds, sharing a common mechanism of action. Because certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) appear to fit this requirement and are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, these compounds are TEF candidates. Toxicity is often expressed relative to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), the reference standard (e.g., TEF = EC50_BaP/EC50_PAH). BaP‐like toxicity or toxic equivalents (TEQs) can then be calculated: TEQ = S(PAH _i × TEF _i ), where PAH _i and TEF _i are the concentration and TEF, respectively, for individual PAH congeners. Representative TEFs for PAHs were compiled from studies measuring carcinogenic potency and surrogate biomarkers. This review examines the application of TEFs to PAHs with established criteria (i.e., demonstrated need, defined chemical grouping, broad toxicological database, endpoint consistency, additivity, common mechanism of action, consensus). Although all criteria are not satisfied (e.g., endpoint inconsistency, nonadditivity) and more rigorous validation studies are needed, the TEF method is useful when limitations are recognized. Refinements of the method might include incorporation of pharmacokinetic factors and segregation of TEFs derived from mammalian vs. nonmammalian systems to increase endopoint consistency. Probabilistic analysis may also prove useful to assess the range of TEF values reported both within and between human health and ecological risk assessments.     

高速铁路声屏障对居民环境影响的试验研究

以3种结构的高速铁路声屏障为研究对象,测量了高速列车通过有声、无声屏障两种状态下8个测点的声压值,并计算各测点等效连续A计权声压和声屏障的隔声量,结合GB 3096—2008《声环境质量标准》中规定的环境噪声限值进行声屏障结构对高速铁路周边居民的声环境影响评价。试验分析结果表明:声屏障不同程度改善了居民的声环境;由于试验所用的3种结构的声屏障隔声量离一般设计要求(20～25dB)相差太远,使得高速铁路周边环境噪声高于国家标准规定限值;声屏障结构改进应着力提高中低频噪声的隔声量。     

管道补口热收缩带粘接质量超声检测试验研究

为解决管道补口热收缩带剥离强度人工抽检效率低、人为因素影响大的问题,采用水浸法开展基于超声检测的补口热收缩带粘接性能的试验研究,根据回波信号、时域等效强度It和频域等效强度If,分析了2.25 MHz、5 MHz时接收信号与粘接质量的关系。结果表明:当检测频率为2.25 MHz时,随着粘接质量的下降,回波信号R1-2呈增强趋势;当检测频率为5 MHz时,随着粘接质量的下降,有R1减弱、R2增强的趋势,发生脱粘时,R1异常增强,R2几乎减弱到零;同时,两种频率检测结果均表明时域等效强度It和频域等效强度If与粘接质量呈反比:粘接质量下降,It、If增强,可作为管道补口粘接质量定量评价的两项指标。此外,与2.25 MHz相比,5 MHz对于粘接质量的判别能力更强,更有利于实际检测。