Predicting the Planform Configuration of the Braided Toklat River,Alaska, With a Suite of Rule‐Based Models1

Abstract: An ensemble of rule‐based models was constructed to assess possible future braided river planform configurations for the Toklat River in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska. This approach combined an analysis of large‐scale influences on stability with several reduced‐complexity models to produce the predictions at a practical level for managers concerned about the persistence of bank erosion while acknowledging the great uncertainty in any landscape prediction. First, a model of confluence angles reproduced observed angles of a major confluence, but showed limited susceptibility to a major rearrangement of the channel planform downstream. Second, a probabilistic map of channel locations was created with a two‐parameter channel avulsion model. The predicted channel belt location was concentrated in the same area as the current channel belt. Finally, a suite of valley‐scale channel and braid plain characteristics were extracted from a light detection and ranging (LiDAR)‐derived surface. The characteristics demonstrated large‐scale stabilizing topographic influences on channel planform. The combination of independent analyses increased confidence in the conclusion that the Toklat River braided planform is a dynamically stable system due to large and persistent valley‐scale influences, and that a range of avulsive perturbations are likely to result in a relatively unchanged planform configuration in the short term.     

Formation Process and Amelioration of the Loess Plateau in China

Abstract

Based on the formation process of the Loess Plateau, the characteristics comparison between loess and ancient soil and the located materials of spore- pollen, ancient stone artifact, history, geography and soil erosion, the analysis reveals that the present state serious soil erosion in Loess Plateau, instead of being a natural geologic course, is a consequence of destruction of vegetation, irrational land utilization and the direct destruction of soil permeability and anti-erosion ability, esp. anti-scourability. The water and soil conservation measures, with the twenty-eight-word amelioration principle as the core, are the basis for exploiting and improving water and soil resources of the Loess Plateau so as to harness the Huanghe (the Yellow River).     

The Comparative Approach on Outdoor Leisure Behavior of Urban Elderly People: A Case Study in Beijing

Abstract

With the income increase of elderly people in Beijing and the improvement of leisure facilities since 2000, the quality of elderly people leisure life in Beijing has obviously increased compared to ten years ago. According to the investigation and comparative analysis on more than 900 elderly people, who usually exercise in public parks in Beijing City, we have found out several new features of elderly people’s outdoor recreation in Beijing: the increase of the leisure time, the expansion of leisure space, the individuation of interest and the diversification of consumption. The leisure life quality evaluation index system of urban elderly people can be built based on these analyses. In order to accommodate the development tendency of elderly people’s demand for leisure diversification, we should strengthen the organization and management of elderly people’s leisure activity in urban construction, and pay more attention to function complementation between communities and parks.     

驾驶中使用手机对驾驶员行为安全绩效影响综述

驾驶中使用手机与交通事故之间存在着高度相关性。为揭示使用手机对驾驶行为安全绩效的影响,探索影响驾驶安全的理论机制,采取更有效的干预措施,结合近10 a来相关研究,综述了与驾驶安全密切相关的驾驶分心问题,主要包括:驾驶员分心的定义及其分类;使用手机对驾驶行为安全绩效的影响,如反应时(RT)、行车速度、路线保持和跟车距离;手机使用对驾驶员分心影响的理论机制,如信息加工理论和计划行为理论(TPB)。分析表明,使用手机会导致驾驶员的反应时延长15%～40%,驾驶路线发生明显偏移,对于行车速度减缓和跟车距离延长的假设需结合驾驶员主客观数据进行比较做进一步验证;驾驶过程中使用手机会增加驾驶员的认知负荷,TPB能够对使用手机行为进行有效的解释和预测,但对该理论中基于信念测量的研究还很少;除手机操作任务,影响驾驶员分心的其他操作任务还需做进一步的研究。     

地铁人员疏散心理行为调查及相关性研究

为研究地铁人员疏散心理行为特征,选择某地铁A号线上客流量较大的B站,采用问卷调查法对该站内出行的乘客随机进行调查,运用卡方检验对问卷调查统计结果进行相关性分析,并对其显著相关因素进行深入分析.结果表明:地铁人员疏散心理行为特征与性别、文化程度、安全知识、是否携带行李因素显著相关;绝大部分乘客心理素质较好;在地铁突发事件时,女性不如男性理智,文化程度低的人员更容易产生恐慌心理,接受过专门安全教育的乘客更能够选择正确的安全出口,携带行李乘客更容易产生恐惧心理.     

北京地铁1号线A站乘客疏散行为实测研究

地铁作为人员密集场所,一旦发生突发事件,如何在突发事件下合理快速的组织地铁乘客疏散至安全区域,是地铁运营部门急需解决的重大问题。通过对北京地铁1号线A站常态下人员疏散情况的实测,分析研究不同人群在不同地点的疏散速度及乘客在疏散路径选择上的差异等行为特征,并通过实测,统计出乘客从站台疏散至地铁各出入口所需的时间。研究结果为地铁乘客疏散行为特征研究及疏散计算模型边界条件的设置提供支撑。     

Introduction: The dark and light sides of organizational citizenship behavior

This is an introduction to a point/counterpoint exchange in Journal of Organizational Behavior on the negative versus positive sides of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Such behaviors go beyond the core tasks that individuals do on the job and are generally considered positive contributions that support organizations. Bolino, Klotz, Turnley, and Harvey cover the dark (negative) side of OCB, arguing that it can be performed for self‐serving motives and that it can have detrimental effects. They discuss the costs of performing OCB to the individuals who perform it, and potential negative consequences for organizations. Conversely, Spitzmuller and Van Dyne cover the light (positive) side, focusing on OCB as forms of either proactive or reactive helping behavior. Proactive helping is motivated by internal needs with the individual seeking out opportunities to engage in OCB. Reactive helping is an altruistic response to a perceived need by a colleague or the organization itself. Taken together, these two papers provide a comprehensive overview of the complex effects of OCB on actors who perform it and targets who receive it. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of leadership consideration and structure on employee perceptions of justice and counterproductive work behavior

In this paper, we examine the effects of leadership consideration and structure on two important organizational behavior outcomes: employee perceptions of organizational justice and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). We examine these effects across two studies using multisource data (employees and supervisors in Study 1; employees and coworkers in Study 2). Results reveal that consideration and structure have distinct effects across distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal dimensions of justice. Moreover, results suggest that consideration and structure have multiplicative effects on employee CWB. We find the highest levels of CWB among employees of supervisors who exhibit high structure and low consideration. Interestingly, results also suggest that the effects of structure on CWB may be curvilinear (u‐shaped) such that moderate levels of structure are associated with the lowest levels of CWB. We discuss implications for future consideration and structure research as well as managerial practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于消费者行为模型的农村居民环境保护意愿分析

针对农村居民基于消费者行为的环境保护意识构建经济模型,将居民消费品分为环境关联物品和非环境关联物品两类,又从环境关联物品中分离出环境友好型商品和环境负效应商品,对这两种消费品抽象出某种效用层次下两种类型商品的组合,通过规范式分析方法,判断农村居民环境保护意愿的影响因素和规律。结论显示,农村居民环境保护意愿的不断提高,需要绿色消费品相对价格的降低;通过加大宣传教育,使他们的环保意愿与行为选择达到对农村自然环境保护更为理想的状况。     

高校火灾大学生疏散行为及心理特征分析

为了解高校突发火灾时人员疏散行为及心理,在参照其他人员密集场所应急疏散调查问卷的基础上,设计大学生疏散行为及心理特征调查问卷,并进行网络问卷调查。采用皮尔森卡方检验对应急个体特性、应急意识、应急经验、应急疏散条件与应急疏散心理及行为反应进行相关性分析,获取11组存在显著相关变量组。结果表明:男生在突发火灾时更冷静、自主,更愿意帮助他人;应急疏散心理及行为与消防安全关注程度、应急疏散设施及环境呈明显的正相关。因此可通过加强宣传教育、开展专业的消防教育及演练、完善疏散引导设施、增强安全出口的导向性等提高学生的应急疏散能力。