Evaluation of soil erosion risk using Analytic Network Process and GIS: A case study from Spanish mountain olive plantations

The study presents an approach that combined objective information such as sampling or experimental data with subjective information such as expert opinions. This combined approach was based on the Analytic Network Process method. It was applied to evaluate soil erosion risk and overcomes one of the drawbacks of USLE/RUSLE soil erosion models, namely that they do not consider interactions among soil erosion factors. Another advantage of this method is that it can be used if there are insufficient experimental data. The lack of experimental data can be compensated for through the use of expert evaluations. As an example of the proposed approach, the risk of soil erosion was evaluated in olive groves in Southern Spain, showing the potential of the ANP method for modelling a complex physical process like soil erosion.     

Correlated evolution of prey chemical discrimination with foraging, lingual morphology and vomeronasal chemoreceptor abundance in lizards

Comparative data from ten families of lizards suggest that correlated evolution has occurred between the ability to identify prey chemicals and several aspects of lingual function and morphology, abundance of vomeronasal chemoreceptor cells, and foraging behavior. Ability to discriminate prey chemicals from control substances was measured experimentally and correlated with other variables by Felsenstein's method. This ability increased with evolutionary increases in degree of lingual protrusion during tongue-flicking, which may reflect the tongue's ability to reach substrates to be sampled. It increased with deepened lingual forking and greater lingual elongation, which may be important for scent-trailing and sampling ability, respectively. Discriminatory ability also increased with abundance of vomerolfactory chemoreceptors, which presumably reflects some aspects of analytical capacities of the vomeronasal system. Prey chemical discrimination increased with degree of active foraging. Natural selection for improved vomerolfactory sampling and analysis of prey chemicals by active, but not ambush, foragers appears to account for the observed relationships. In active foragers that use vomerolfaction to locate prey, natural selection favors increased abilities to lingually sample chemicals from environmental substrates, analyze the samples for prey chemicals, and respond appropriately if prey chemicals or possible prey chemicals are detected. Such selection can account for the observed relationships among the sampling device and its movements, the sense, the discriminations, and variations in foraging ecology. Received: 13 February 1997 / Accepted after revision: 12 June 1997     

ROOT BIOMASS IN RELATION TO CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY OF HEADWATER STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Intact riparian zones are the product of an incredibly complex multitude of linkages between the geomorphic, hydrologic, and biotiè features of the ecosystem. Land‐use activities that sever or alter these linkages result in ecosystem degradation. We examined the relationship between riparian vegetation and channel morphology by sampling species composition and herbaceous root biomass in incised (down‐cut and widened) versus unincised (intact) sections of unconstrained reaches in three headwater streams in northeastern Oregon. Incision resulted in a compositional shift from wetland‐obligate plant species to those adapted to drier environments. Root biomass was approximately two times greater in unincised sections than incised sections and decreased with depth more rapidly in incised sections than in unincised sections. Total root biomass ranged from 2,153 g m^‐2 to 4,759 g m^‐2 in unincised sections and from 1,107 g m^‐2 to 2,215 g m^‐2 in incised sections. In unincised sections less than 50 percent of the total root biomass was found in the top 10 cm, with approximately 20 percent in successive 10‐cm depth increments. In contrast, incised sections had greater than 60 percent of the total root biomass in the top 10 cm, approximately 15 percent in the 10 to 20 cm depth, less than 15 percent in the 20 to 30 cm depth, and less than 10 percent in the 30 to 40 cm depth. This distribution of root biomass suggests a positive feedback between vegetation and channel incision: as incision progresses, there is a loss of hydrologic connectivity, which causes a shift to a drier vegetation assemblage and decreased root structure, resulting in a reduced erosive resistance capacity in the lower zone of the streambank, thereby allowing further incision and widening.     

公路建设中水土流失影响及防治措施

公路建设中造成的水土流失越来越严重，水土流失范围呈线状，常常跨越多个流域和地貌类型，因此影响范围较广，且在公路的不同部位水土流失的程度不同，影响期限不同。在实际调查的基础上分析公路建设中水土流失的原因，并提出计算方法及一般性防护措施。     

基于Logistic回归分析的农户参与水土流失治理状况研究——以鄂西地区为例

以鄂西地区利川市两类典型水土保持项目为例, 通过实地调查, 分析农户对水土保持工程的认知、行为特征及评价, 并采用Logistic模型分析了影响农户参与水土保持行为的因素。研究结果表明:农户对水土保持的参与认知度较高, 但是责任意识较差, 更多的寄于政府, 同时农户主要以参与水土保持工程建设的形式参与水土流失治理, 但在水土保持维护、组织、监督管理方面参与度较低;农户的教育水平越高, 其参与水土保持的程度越高;影响农户参与水土保持行为的因素主要是农户教育水平和水土保持外部环境;农户是否愿意参与水土保持与农户教育水平、政府采取的增收措施和工程补偿、水土保持工程进展呈显著性关系;农户主动参与水土保持工程与农户教育水平、是否检举破坏水土资源行为呈显著关系。结果对于揭示农户参与生态环境治理的行为机理有重要意义。     

黄土高原历史时期沟谷侵蚀量计算方法探讨

历史时期沟谷侵蚀量的计算多采用传统实地测量或计算方法,而现代地理信息技术的发展为沟谷侵蚀量计算提供了更为简便、快捷、高效的方式。等高线图形概括法即为一种将传统制图学与现代地理信息技术相结合的方法。本文以神木县东山旧城冲沟为切入点,采用等高线图形概括方法,基于30 m 分辨率ASTER DEM,利用Arcgis10 平台计算历史时期沟谷侵蚀量,并将其与基于野外测量计算侵蚀量进行对比。结果对比发现,基于野外测量的沟谷侵蚀量约占基于DEM 侵蚀量的89.11%,两者之间存在一定差距,但是可被接受的。进一步分析显示,等高线简化前后,DEM 平均坡度、等高线长度和表面积均发生变化,平均坡度、等高线长度变化率分别为2.78% 和4.3%,表面积变化不是特别明显。三维分析显示,简化后等高线更加平滑,平均坡度趋于平缓,坡度的分布更为均匀。总体而言,等高线图形概括方法在沟谷侵蚀量计算方面具有较高的可靠性,对更大时空尺度内的沟谷侵蚀量计算具有借鉴意义。     

赤水河流域不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

本研究采用137Cs法对赤水河流域不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀强度展开调查研究,以期为赤水河流域生态环境保护和实现流域的可持续发展提供基础数据。通过对赤水河中上游地区4种土地利用类型土壤剖面中137Cs含量的测定和分析,结果表明:坡耕地以侵蚀为主,平均坡度在11°~19°之间时,侵蚀模数介于3630~6776 t/(km2·a),其中,习水和叙永研究区坡耕地平均坡度均大于15°,土壤侵蚀强烈,侵蚀模数在6050~6776 t/(km2·a)之间;草地平均侵蚀模数为4235 t/(km2·a);(2)林地有微弱堆积,堆积模数为1331 t/(km2·a);水稻田堆积模数为3872 t/(km2·a)。可见,当平均坡度大于15°时,坡耕地土侵蚀强度较大,因地制宜的采取相应的水保措施是有效遏制水土流失的关键。     

中国电子垃圾回收企业的环保意识及行为的影响因素分析研究——以浙江为例

为了探索电子废弃物回收处理企业的环保意识及行为的影响因素,首先基于国内外研究学者的研究结果并结合中国电子废弃物回收处理企业的实践情况,提出一个假设结构框架。其次以浙江省为例,通过问卷调查法,将企业环保行为作为被解释变量,企业能力、管理者环境态度、消费者环境意识和企业经济效益作为解释变量,构建logistic回归模型,从而系统的揭示了企业进行环保处理的影响因素,研究结果表明:企业管理者环境态度对企业行为是否环保具有最重要的影响;企业经济效益对企业环保行为具有显著的正向作用;企业自身能力对企业环保行为具有一定程度的影响。最后,根据研究所得结果,提出了相应的促进企业进行环保处理的措施。     

青木关地下河系统中不同含水介质下正构烷烃对比研究

为阐释不同含水介质中正构烷烃的来源及迁移、变化特征,2013年7~11月期间,每月对大驴池、姜家泉两个表层岩溶泉进行取样,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中溶解态正构烷烃的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,大驴池中溶解态正构烷(T-ALK)含量变化范围为175~3 279 ng·L-1,平均值为1 011ng·L-1,姜家泉变化范围为282~775 ng·L-1,平均值为527 ng·L-1.大驴池中高碳数(C25~C32)正构烷烃占T-ALK含量的27.89%~52.92%,CPI(碳优势指数)值介于0.64~5.86之间,OEP(奇偶优势指数)值介于0.57~4.56之间,L/H(短链/长链正构烷烃比值)的变化范围为0.33~0.50之间,随月份无规律变化;姜家泉中高碳数(C35~C32)正构烷烃占T-ALK含量的23.66%~49.73%,CPI值的变化范围为0.82~3.07,OEP值的变化范围为0.51~3.59,L/H值则在0.97~1.23之间波动,且随月份的增加呈增大的趋势.即在7~11月之间,大驴池中高等有机质输入所占的比重不断增大,而姜家泉中有机质的输入类型差异较大.L/H值不能反映两者有机质输入的相对贡献,初步认为和降雨或水洗效应相关.另外,TAR(陆生/水生类脂物比值)值对降雨有一定的响应.     

基于GIS和RUSLE模型的山地环境水土流失空间特征定量分析——以四川泸定县为例

本文以地处川西高原生态环境脆弱区的泸定县为研究区域,利用GIS技术和水土流失修正方程(RUSLE)相结合的方法定量计算研究区的土壤侵蚀量,根据水土流失强度分级标准,生成水土流失强度分布图。运用GIS空间分析和数理统计方法,分析水土流失在地理空间上的分布特征,揭示区内水土流失地理空间分异规律。研究结果表明:(1)坡度是引起水土流失的重要因子,水土流失主要分布在坡度>15°的区域,且易于发生极强度和剧烈水土流失。(2)水土流失垂直分带特征明显,海拔1000~1700 m的河谷地区和海拔大于3500 m的山地易于发生水土流失,海拔1700~3500 m地区由于林地分布广泛,水土流失分布面积小。(3)水土流失主要发生在人类负向干扰活动比较强烈的旱地、园地、灌木林地、其他林地和裸地,其面积达到区内水土流失总面积的92.73%。