非机动车用户违规骑行意向与事故倾向性研究

为缓解非机动车用户违规骑行引发的道路交通安全问题,基于扩展计划行为理论(Ex-TPB),引入6个扩展潜变量,构建以违规骑行意向(VRI)为中介变量的非机动车用户事故倾向性(AP)结构方程模型(SEM);通过问卷调查采集变量数据,从社会心理学角度研究影响非机动车用户VRI和AP的心理因素。结果表明:该模型能解释违规骑行意向82.6%的变异,以及事故倾向性75.8%的变异;道德规范对违规骑行意向有显著负向影响,示范性规范、知觉行为控制、从众倾向、态度对违规骑行意向有显著正向影响,相应的影响程度依次减小;道德规范、示范性规范、知觉行为控制、态度不仅会直接影响事故倾向性,也通过违规骑行意向间接影响事故倾向性,且中介效应显著;从众倾向对事故倾向性的直接影响不显著,主要通过违规骑行意向间接影响事故倾向性。     

Smallholder Farms as Stepping Stone Corridors for Crop-Raiding Elephant in Northern Tanzania: Integration of Bayesian Expert System and Network Simulator

Crop-raiding elephants affect local livelihoods, undermining conservation efforts. Yet, crop-raiding patterns are poorly understood, making prediction and protection difficult. We hypothesized that raiding elephants use corridors between daytime refuges and farmland. Elephant counts, crop-raiding records, household surveys, Bayesian expert system, and least-cost path simulation were used to predict four alternative categories of daily corridors: (1) footpaths, (2) dry river beds, (3) stepping stones along scattered small farms, and (4) trajectories of shortest distance to refuges. The corridor alignments were compared in terms of their minimum cumulative resistance to elephant movement and related to crop-raiding zones quantified by a kernel density function. The “stepping stone” corridors predicted the crop-raiding patterns. Elephant presence was confirmed along these corridors, demonstrating that small farms located between refuges and contiguous farmland increase habitat connectivity for elephant. Our analysis successfully predicted elephant occurrence in farmland where daytime counts failed to detect nocturnal presence. These results have conservation management implications.     

What’s the Problem? River Management,Education, and Public Beliefs

This paper invokes the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a diagnostic tool to explain an existing public education program's limited success at improving river water quality in the City of Perth, Western Australia. A reflective, client-driven research approach was used. A facilitated expert workshop defined an environmental problem (excess nutrients leaving gardens and entering waterways) and a desired behavior (residents purchasing environmentally sensitive fertilizer) to address the problem. A TPB-based belief elicitation survey captured respondents' beliefs regarding the desired behavior. The findings suggest respondents were aware of the links between purchasing environmentally sensitive fertilizer and river water quality. However, this behavior is compromised by the challenges in identifying appropriate products, product quality concerns, and cost. Viewing the content of a public education program through the lens of the TPB reveals insights into how and why the program fell short in achieving one of its key behavioral change goals.     

阿特拉津在土壤中的环境行为研究进展

概述了阿特拉津在土壤中的迁移、降解及其对植物的影响等环境行为,阐述了土壤组成、土壤pH值以及温度、湿度等因素对各种环境行为过程的影响,并结合目前国内外的研究现状,提出了阿特拉津环境行为新的研究方向。     

Sublethal contaminant exposure alters behavior in a common insect: Important implications for trophic transfer

This study examined the effects of sub-lethal exposure of the ubiquitous pesticide malathion on the behavior of the model orthopteran species, the house cricket (Acheta domesticus). Increasing concentrations of malathion caused male crickets to increase periods of non-directional movement, such as twitching and grooming, directional movement, and to seek out shelter less. These are all behavioral alterations that may increase the cricket's chances of being preyed upon, and thus have the potential for serious ecological consequences through trophic transfer. This study also revealed that female crickets appeared to be less affected by malathion than their male conspecifics, indicating a potential sex-bias in both susceptibility and possible predator attack.     

火灾中人员的行为及其模拟计算方法的研究

在综合分析国内外人员疏散模型和模拟软件发展现状的基础上,研究人员在火灾中的行为理论、计算机模型、模拟原理等,并介绍了目前国际上研究人员行为方面综合功能较强的Building EXODUS软件的原理和特点,最后以具体实例说明了Building EXODUS软件在人群疏散模拟分析中的具体应用.研究表明,1)在不考虑其他因素的影响下,疏散总时间与人数成正比;2)在火灾等紧急情况下,当某个出口不能通行时,可能会使大量人员在另一个出口处造成"瓶颈"现象,因此,增加备用安全出口很重要;3)疏散时间实际上是一随机变量,会因各种情况的变化而不同,如在很大程度上受人员特性(如年龄等因素)的影响,传统计算方法一般会低估疏散时间而不能作为建筑疏散设计的依据;4)利用计算机模拟软件可以对火灾中各种可能发生的情况进行评价,评价结果比传统方法更科学、可信.火灾中人员行为的研究需要从心理学和社会学角度建立人群中个人行为与社会行为的理论框架,而疏散模拟是一个由多个因素组成的复杂系统,大量人群环境的模拟需要涉及人与人、人与环境间的相互作用.     

土壤有机农药污染的降解机理与生物修复技术

通过对有机农药在土壤中的环境行为与迁移转化规律综合分析研究,探讨了有机农药污染土壤的生物修复技术,并对生物修复技术进行了前瞻性研究.     

利用生态混凝土控制城市坡面暴雨径流污染试验研究

利用生态混凝土作为护坡材料,研究暴雨条件下生态混凝土控制山坡降雨径流污染的机理,以期对生态混凝土在城市护坡和护岸中的应用提供理论依据.研究结果表明,生态混凝土改变了雨水在坡面上的水文过程,阻延径流作用十分明显,有效地降低了污染物的负荷输出.生态混凝土试验小区(T2)与裸地(CK)和改良土壤小区(T1)相比,径流量分别减少了48%和24%,TN年度污染负荷(UPLRs)分别减少了53%和45%,溶解态氮(DN)减少了26%和28%,TP减少了57%和30%,溶解态磷(DP)降低了80%和33%,COD降低了62%和40%,TSS降低了56%和43%,产流时间和流量峰均明显滞后.另外,同植被覆盖良好的小区(T3)相比,生态混凝土对各种污染指标的控制效果没有明显差异,但其抗冲刷能力较强,更能适应城市护坡和护岸的需要.     

河北省砂质海岸侵蚀灾害危险性评价

海岸侵蚀是当今全球海岸普遍存在的海洋地质灾害现象,通过实地勘查对河北省砂质海岸侵蚀灾害进行研究,借助历史资料,选取了海岸地貌类型、岸线曲度、侵蚀速率、海滩发育空间、泥沙补给和堤防设施六个评价指标,对河北省砂质海岸侵蚀灾害进行了危险性评价。评价结果表明:高危区岸线长度46.11 km,中危区102.54 km,低危区59.95 km,所占岸线比例依次为22.11%、49.16%及28.73%。     

徐州市主城区个人生态足迹空间变异性研究

为揭示徐州市主城区个人生态足迹的空间变异性并分析引起其空间变异的原因,采用问卷调查和克里格插值法对个人生态足迹及其组分的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明:①徐州市主城区个人生态足迹分别是中国和全球个人生态足迹的1.48倍和1.18倍,其中商品服务足迹所占比例最大(51.1%),徐州市主城区处于弱不可持续发展状态;②经过实验半变异函数交叉验证,球状、指数和高斯模型可以较好模拟个人生态足迹及其组分的空间变异,其中,个人生态足迹、住宅足迹和商品服务足迹的块基比均小于25%,表现出强烈的空间相关性,碳足迹和食物足迹处于25%至75%之间,表现出中等空间相关性;③个人生态足迹、碳足迹、食物足迹和商品服务足迹总体上呈南高北低趋势,以市中心为峰值逐渐向周围递减,住宅足迹呈多峰值分布,最高值位于远离市中心的郊区。对个人生态足迹及其驱动因素进行空间相关分析,发现,调查对象的社会经济背景和空间特征对个人生态足迹及其组分的空间变异特征具有重要影响。