海岛地区渔农村生活污水治理的现状及对策

概述了普陀海岛渔农村生活污水排放现状及对附近河道、水环境造成的影响,通过分析当前海岛农村生活污水集中处理和分散处理的利弊和条件、常用的渔农村生活污水就地处理技术以及归纳总结普陀区已投入使用就地处理技术。进一步阐述海岛渔农村生活污水就地处理应当结合海岛特殊地理、土地使用、经济水平和农村居民生活习惯。以及处理技术角度,提出了海岛渔农村生活污水治理的对策。     

库存弹药事故人误危险性评估研究

提出了库存弹药事故人误的定义,从个体角度分析了人误事件发生的机理.构建了人误固有危险性的评价指标体系及评判标准,考虑了6类危险性抵消因子对人误的影响.最后,建立了评估库存弹药事故人误危险性的数学模型.     

拟动力抗震试验方法的误差控制综述

介绍了拟动力抗震试验方法的特点和原理,指出误差控制是拟动力试验成败的关键。对计算误差和系统误差等误差主要来源进行了分析,模拟了试验误差传递和积累过程,并从数值积分、试验设备、试验控制等方面对抑制试验误差的方法和措施进行了探讨。     

单波长、双波长、三波长分光光度法测量TiO_2悬浮体系中亚甲基蓝浓度的表征

纳米颗粒态TiO2在实际运用中往往会形成TiO2悬浮颗粒和溶解态物质共存的混合液。对于混合液中溶解物系,以亚甲基蓝为被测物,首次系统考察了单波长、两波长、三波长三种分光光度法在亚甲基蓝浓度为2.00 mg/l和TiO2浑浊度分别为0.11、0.14、0.17、0.21、0.27、0.31、0.34、0.37、0.41、0.51、0.53,TiO2浑浊度为0.34和亚甲基蓝浓度分别为1.00、1.25、1.50、1.75、2.00、2.25、2.50 mg/l两种情况下的测定结果的相对误差和标准差。结果表明,分光光度法测定结果的相对误差和标准差都会有不同程度的波动,这与TiO2对光的改变效应和亚甲基蓝聚合体效应是有关的,而单波长分光光度法的准确度和重现性较好,特别是在浑浊度不变的情况下。其中,导致吸光度产生急剧偏差的"综合效应"被首次提出。     

广东省典型内河港区主要大气污染物排放特征研究

以广东省珠江三角洲地区某内河港区为对象,选取港区内船舶、作业机械、运输车辆的大气污染物排放计算方法,结合保有量、活动水平、燃油品质等基础信息计算了该港区在2013年的大气污染物排放量,并分析了其排放特征.结果表明,在内河港区及周边水域,船舶排放的SO2占比超过80％;其他污染因子方面,船舶排放占比32％～47％,作业机械排放占比36％ ～ 48％,运输车辆排放占比10％ ～32％.在内河港区及其周边水域,船舶及港区作业机械的排放均有突出污染贡献.     

基于灰色关联分析法的空管危险源辨识方法研究

随着民航事业的迅速发展和空中交通流量的不断增长.为有效地避免空管不安全事件的发生,辨识出空管运行中潜在危险源至关重要.目前空管单位缺乏对危险源的有效分类,对危险源的触发机制要素界定不够清晰.利用危险三角形对危险进行描述,并用M-SHEL模型对空管运行中首类危险源——管制"错误、遗忘、疏漏"的触发机制进行分类辨识与分析.构建了管制"错误、遗忘、疏漏"危险源辨识指标体系,一级指标5个,二级指标20个;运用灰色关联分析法计算出各类触发机制之间的关联系数和关联度.结果表明,人的因素是导致管制"错误、遗忘、疏漏"发生的最主要因素,而其中最主要的触发机制要素是个人能力问题.     

河流污染物通量估算方法筛选及误差分析

准确估算污染物通量对河流污染物总量控制和水质保护具有重要意义,但常规监测方法通常不能进行连续采样,数据相对比较稀缺,因此,选择恰当的采样间隔和通量估算方法,并对方法可能带来的误差进行估算,对提高通量估算的可靠性具有十分重要的意义.基于此,以江西赣江滁槎水质自动站2005—2007年3个水文年的水量和水质资料为基础,采用Monte Carlo方法模拟时间间隔分别为2、3、5、6、10、15和30 d的河流水质离散采样方案,并计算每种采样方案下的通量.同时,采用偏差(系统误差)和不精确度(离散程度)两个指标,比较了A、B、C、D、E 5种常规通量计算方法的误差分布,并建立了各算法误差随时间间隔变化的相关性曲线,以对河流污染物通量估算方法进行筛选.研究表明,滁槎断面COD_Mn采用瞬时值C_i与时段平均流量 Q_p乘积的方法计算年通量更准确;而NH₄⁺-N由于瞬时通量与流量相关性不显著,采用时段瞬时通量平均计算年通量更准确.     

Human error analysis in furnace start-up operation using HEART under intuitionistic fuzzy environment

To address human error in system reliability, Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) is an essential issue. Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) as a rather straightforward technique for HRA has successfully been used in many areas to predict human error probability (HEP). However, knowledge acquisition of experts during assessed proportion of affect (APOA) calculation is subjected to vagueness and ambiguity. To overcome this challenge, in this paper Intuitionistic Fuzzy (IF) set due to their advantage to represent more fuzzy information than a classical fuzzy set adopted through APOA calculation. To demonstrate this hybrid approach short for, IF-HEART, the furnace start-up operation is handled, since analysis shows that most of explosions and losses occur during furnace start-ups operation. Further, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to approve the proposed integrated approach. In addition to its academic contribution, the results of the paper enable to improve the overall safety level of a furnace by taking into account potential human error.     

不同噪声强度对煤矿工人作业失误率的影响研究

为探究噪声强度对煤矿工人作业失误率的影响程度,采用实验室模拟试验和现场调研收集数据的方式对噪声和作业失误率间的关系展开研究,利用模拟试验所得结果和煤矿现场调研收集结果分别构建噪声-作业失误率、噪声-"三违"数量回归预测模型,定量分析作业失误率、"三违"数量和噪声水平之间的关系,研究结果表明:煤矿"三违"数量、实验室模拟人员失误率与环境噪声均呈正相关,随噪声强度增加,失误率及"三违"数量呈上升趋势;当外界噪声强度高于75 dB后,人员失误次数会出现显著性变化;基于事故预防的角度出发,可将75 dB设定为噪声安全临界值,以降低人员作业失误率,达到事故预防的目的。     

Reality and risk of contact-type head injuries related to bicycle-mounted child seats

Objective

The authors have treated numerous children who have been injured by falling from bicycle-mounted child seats. Despite the greatly increased use of such seats, the understanding of their risk and the importance of helmet use remains alarmingly poor. The objective of this study was to confirm the risk of bicycle-mounted child seats and to evaluate the efficacy of helmets, seat belts, and back seat height in terms of preventing or mitigating contact-type head impacts that occur in falls from bicycle-mounted child seats.

Materials and methods

Biometrical dummy tests were performed to examine contact-type head injuries in falls from stationary bicycles. A bicycle with an anthropometric test dummy placed in a bicycle-mounted child seat was tipped over. Each test was repeated three times and three-dimensional acceleration was measured using accelerometer. Head Injury Criteria (HIC) were calculated and the respective influences of a helmet, a seat belt, and increased height of the back of the seat on such impacts were evaluated.

Results

Only helmets unequivocally lowered maximal acceleration and/or HIC values with statistical significance. The seat belt lowered HIC values as long as it was used with the high-back seat. Only when the dummy wore a helmet sitting in a high-back seat did the HIC show less than the threshold of 570 for three-year-old children. The HIC showed the lowest score of 161.5 when the dummy wore both a helmet and a seat belt sitting in a high-back seat.

Conclusions

Riders in bicycle-mounted child seats definitely have higher risks of contact-type head injuries. In transporting a child on a bicycle-mounted child seat, parents must use both a child-bicycle helmet and a high-back child seat at least; a seat belt is highly recommended as long as it is used with the other safety devices.

Impact on Industry

The bicycle-mounted child seat should have a high enough back and an appropriate seat belt to protect the head of the child from a contact-type injury.