改进的生活事件分析法在铁路安全管理中的应用

在介绍生活事件分析法以及分析该法不足的基础上,从持续影响时间、多事件影响叠加、生活事件统计时间范围等方面对其进行了改进,并通过实例验证了改进的生活事件分析法的有效性,为铁路管理部门对人因事故的控制及预防提供了新的思路.     

基于误差修正距离约束的深井巷道目标定位算法

针对基于距离约束的井下定位算法本身存在的近似误差,尤其在锚点附近定位误差较大的问题,通过改进算法,引入1个误差系数ω,并以此为依据,来选取误差较小的边作为定位信息来源,同时引入修正系数ε来进行修正分割点,使其更加接近于垂足,以此来减少定位的误差。仿真结果表明:改进算法的平均定位误差远小于原定位算法,约为1/4;改进算法的最大误差小于1.5 m、最小误差为0.2 m;改进算法不仅定位精度优于原定位算法,且计算复杂度较低,更加适用于深井环境定位。     

建筑物火灾中人员群集避难行为可靠性的研究

分析人在建筑物火灾中的群集避难行为规律,对建筑物火灾中人员群集避难行为可靠性进行分析和评价.     

Inter-observer variation in habitat survey data: investigating the consequences for professional practice

Environmental assessments and land-use planning require reliable information on the botanical composition and distribution of habitats. There have been numerous academic studies of inter-observer variation in species-inventory and habitat mapping, but studies addressing the prevalence of inter-observer variation and consequences of poor quality data in professional practice are lacking. This paper addresses these questions via a questionnaire survey of environmental professionals, using the standard Phase 1 and National Vegetation Classification (NVC) survey methods in the United Kingdom. The survey revealed that misidentification of habitat types within survey reports was relatively common (approximating to 20% of all reports seen by respondents over the previous five years). Approximately 40% of respondents who had encountered erroneous reports stated that these had led to inaccurate initial site ecological assessments. Additional field surveys and discussions with surveyors were commonly used to resolve these issues, but for Phase 1 and NVC 26% and 34% of respondents, respectively, had encountered one or more cases where errors resulted in negative consequences for clients commissioning surveys (in terms of extra costs and project delays). Net loss of biodiversity arising from inaccurate reports was reported in at least one instance by 32% and 38% of respondents for Phase 1 and NVC surveys, respectively – results that may contribute to the attrition of natural capital within the UK. The study highlights the need to extend studies of inter-observer variation to consider impacts on environmental assessments and decision-making in professional practice. The potential benefits of introducing an accreditation scheme (favoured by the majority of respondents to the questionnaire) are discussed.     

Two error components model for measurement error: application to radon in homes

In this paper, a simple model for analysing variability in radon concentrations in homes is tested. The approach used here involves two error components, representing additive and multiplicative errors, together with variation between-houses. We use a Bayesian approach for our analysis and apply this model to two datasets of repeat radon measurements in homes; one based on 3-month long measurements for which the original measurements were close to the current UK Radon Action Level (200 Bq m⁻³), and the other based on 6-month measurement data (from regional and national surveys), for which the original measurements cover a wide range of radon concentrations, down to very low levels. The model with two error components provides a better fit to these datasets than does a model based on solely multiplicative errors.     

中国省级CO2排放影响因素的空间计量分析

提出面板数据空间误差分量模型,采用基于广义矩1估计的可行广义最小二乘法估计方法,研究1997-2007年间,我国省级CO2排放的影响因素.实证结果表明,我国省级CO2排放量存在显著的正向空间相关性,CO2排放较多的省份往往会影响邻近地区的CO2排放;CO2排放量与人均GDP呈倒N型环境库兹涅兹曲线.未考虑空间相关性时,CO2排放转折点为人均GDP 51 73O元,我国目前仍处于CO2排放量上升期;采用面板数据空间误差分量模型修正后,CO2排放下降转折点为人均GDP约53 237元,较未考虑空间因素时有所提高,省际间的空间相互影响,对CO2排放下降转折点的人均GDP提出更高的要求;实证研究结果同时显示,煤炭消费比重提高及人口数量增大,都将显著增加我国CO2排放量,体现优化能源结构和控制人口增长对抑制CO2排放增长的重要性.     

Imputing Unmeasured Explanatory Variables in Environmental Epidemiology With Application to Health Impact Analysis of Air Pollution

This paper presents the results of a reconsideration of earlier work that finds an association between daily hospital admissions for respiratory distress and daily concentrations of sulphate (lag 1) as well as daily maximum concentrations of ozone (lags 1 and 3). These associations are found even after clustering the data by hospital of admission and accounting for the effects of temperature. We use an adaptation of their generalized estimating equation technique for clustered data, that daily data being for southern Ontario summers from 1983 to 1988. Like them, we adjust for daily maximum temperatures. However, unlike the earlier work returned to ours includes daily average humidity as a potential explanatory variable in our model. Our analysis also differs from theirs in that we cluster the data by census subdivision to reduce the risk of confounding pollutant levels with population size within regions. Moreover, we log-transform the explanatory variables and then high-pass filter the resulting data. We also deviate from the earlier analysis by taking account of measurement error incurred in using surrogate measures of the explanatory variables. To do so we use new methodology designed for our study but of potential value in other applications. That methodology requires a spatial predictive distribution for the unmeasured explanatory variables. Each day about 700 missing measurements for each of these variables can then be imputed over the geographical domain of the study. With these imputations we get a measure of imputation error through the covariance of the predictive distribution. Along with the predictive distribution we require an impact model to link-up with the predictive distribution. We describe that model and show how it uses the imputed measurements of the missing values of the explanatory variables. We also show how through that model, uncertainty about these values is reflected in our analysis and in commensurate uncertainties in the inferences made. Apart from its substantive objectives, our analysis serves to test the new methods with the earlier results serving as a foil. The reassuring qualitative agreement between our findings and the earlier results seems encouraging.     

光记录相纸由湿度引起的量算误差

光记录相纸在不同的湿度下其宽度变化达 4 2 % ,而由此引起的误差将大大超过资料质量评比条例所规定的量标误差值 ,给数据处理带来影响。本文通过实验 ,得出了在不同湿度下的误差值 ,并提出解决该问题的一些办法与建议。     

人因失误机理及原因因素研究

在复杂社会技术系统中,人因失误已成为引发事故的最主要原因之一.给出了国内外学者对人因失误的定义.从个体和组织层次上分析了人因失误的机理,并基于此失误机理分析了人误原因因素,给出了个体和组织层次下的原因因素图.     

Truncation errors in finite difference models for solute transport equation with first-order reaction

The truncation errors associated with finite difference solutions of the advection-dispersion equation with first-order reaction are formulated from a Taylor analysis. The error expressions are based on a general form of the corresponding difference equation and a temporally and spatially weighted parametric approach is used for differentiating among the various finite difference schemes. The numerical truncation errors are defined using Peclet and Courant numbers and a new Sink/Source dimensionless number. It is shown that all of the finite difference schemes suffer from truncation errors. In particular it is shown that the Crank–Nicolson approximation scheme does not have second order accuracy for this case. The effects of these truncation errors on the solution of an advection–dispersion equation with a first order reaction term are demonstrated by comparison with an analytical solution. The results show that these errors are not negligible and that correcting the finite difference scheme for them results in a more accurate solution.