人为失误原因分析与控制对策研究

研究了人为失误对系统安全的影响，分析了人为失误产生的原因及其影响因素，并就煤矿安全管理中人为失误的控制提出了针对性措施     

同型规范变换的不同预测模型具有的兼容性和等效性

传统的不同预测变量的预测模型之间不具有兼容性和等效性,而同型规范变换和误差修正相结合的不同变量的预测模型的预测相对误差与预测对象的维数、样本数及预测模型类型皆无关,仅与预测变量的数据特性、相似样本的模型输出值及其相对误差和相似度有关,因而同型规范变换的不同预测变量的预测模型之间具有兼容性和等效性.其重要意义在于：只要对任意一个预测变量建立了基于规范变换的某种预测模型,就可以将此预测模型直接用于具有同型规范变换的其他预测变量的预测;若再将其与误差修正法相结合,还可以极大地提高模型的预测精度,获得与实际值很接近的预测结果.依据受3个因子影响的灞河口COD_Mn指数数据、受4个因子影响的伊犁河雅马渡站年径流量数据和牡丹江市TSP年均值的时序数据,分别建立具有同型规范变换（n_j=2）的3个不同预测变量的3种智能预测模型和一元线性回归预测模型,并验证了3个不同预测变量的预测模型之间的兼容性和等效性.对同一个预测样本,用同型规范变换和误差修正相结合的不同预测变量的预测模型的实际预测值及其预测相对误差绝对值不仅差异甚微,而且预测值与实际值非常接近,其预测的相对误差绝对值平均值几乎全都小于3%,最大相对误差绝对值均小于5%,小于或远小于20种传统预测模型和方法预测的相应误差.     

人的失误理论研究进展

人的失误理论研究已进入结合认知心理学并以人的失误动态过程为研究热点的阶段。笔者回顾了人的失误理论研究的进展,讨论了相关的人的认知行为类型、认知失误的基本概念和人的失误模型。例如适用于不同情景和应用条件的几种模型:刺激-调制-响应(S-O-R)模型;失误的决策阶梯(Step-ladder)模型;通用GEMS模型以及Worledge认知模型。由于人的行为的复杂性和难以预测性造成了人的可靠性分析(HRA)的困难,因此,对人的行为的深入了解必须从人的行为特性及其规律性入手,将人的可靠性分析与行为科学理论结合起来,揭示人的失误发生的内在规律。与此同时,重点分析了概率安全评价技术(PSA)中如何对人的失误事件进行定量估计;如何考虑人的心理因素影响的几种重要的人的失误理论模型,并对今后这该领域中的研究方向进行了讨论。     

人误屏障分析技术

在复杂工业系统中,屏障是预防与减少人误的有效方法,一旦屏障失效,事故就有可能发生。笔者从屏障的概念与屏障分析入手,分析了实体屏障和管理屏障两类基本的屏障,介绍了屏障分析的6个步骤即辨识危险和目标、辨识屏障、评估屏障是否失效、弄清原因、评估与决定、制定方案及其分析案例,进行创建和维持屏障的方案分析,建立纠正行动计划的屏障方案,指出有效使用屏障分析技术来减少人误的几个场合以及屏障分析的局限性。     

Manual Handling Injuries in Health Care Workers

Nursing aides are particularly susceptible to manual handling injuries because they have the primary responsibility for heavy lifting. The aim of this study was to determine why a specific group of nursing aides have the highest manual handling injury rate in their hospital. The study investigated the adequacy of the manual handling training program, knowledge of manual handling, mechanical aid availability, and use of mechanical aids. Results indicated that the nursing aides’ manual handling knowledge was adequate but that they rarely used mechanical aids. This lack of use of aids was in part due to an over-reliance on their own strength and abilities. This may have been due to a lack of suitable mechanical aids on the wards or a lack of familiarity with the available aids. This study suggests that neither training alone nor the purchase of equipment alone is likely to resolve manual handling problems.     

轿车车速表指示误差研究

汽车驾驶者准确掌握真实车速，对车辆的行驶安全性和减少道路交通事故的发生及其危害程度有着极为重要的影响。因此，对驾驶者借以了解汽车行驶速度的车速表，其指示值是否准确及指示误差的大小必须加以研究。本文运用数理统计工具及样本实测数据，选取上海桑塔纳ＬＸ轿车车速表检验值进行统计规律研究，给出其分布参数，建立相应数学模型，指明其误差情况，对于深入了解轿车车速表指示误差统计规律，保证车辆的行驶安全性，改进车速表设计均具有十分重要的意义。     

基于CREAM和贝叶斯网络的航空维修人为差错概率预测

航空维修差错不仅严重威胁着飞行安全,同时也会增加航空公司的维修成本。针对航空维修人员发生差错成因的复杂性以及历史事故数据缺乏的情况下,将人因可靠性与失误分析方法（CREAM）和贝叶斯网络（BN）相结合,提出一种改进的维修差错分析模型。根据维修任务构建相应的贝叶斯网络模型,为各子节点设置条件概率表（CPT）;基于维修基地的实际维修环境,对行为形成因子（PSFs）进行评估,得到共同绩效条件（CPCs）的水平;利用各CPC因子下各个行为功能失效模式的权重因子,对各认知活动进行失效概率的修正;将修正概率作为贝叶斯网络根节点的输入,利用推理机制,得到差错发生概率。通过案例分析和计算,验证了所述方法的可行性和有效性。     

A framework for human error risk analysis of coal mine emergency evacuation in China

Evacuation from underground coal mine in emergency as soon as possible makes the difference between life and death. Human factors have an important impact on a successful evacuation, but literature review shows that there is a lack of consideration of human error risk during coal mine emergency evacuation in China. To address the above problems, in this paper, we established a framework for human error risk analysis of coal mine emergency evacuation, consisting of scenario and task analysis, risk assessment and risk reduction. A general evacuation procedure which is applicable for different causes is detailed through the scenario and task analysis. A new method based on expert judgment, named OGI-Model, is proposed to evaluate the reliability of human safety barrier. In this new approach, human safety barrier is divided into three sub-barriers, i.e., organization safety sub-barrier (OSSB), group safety sub-barrier (GSSB), and individual safety sub-barrier (ISSB). Each sub-barrier consists of a series of concrete measures against specific evacuation actions. An example is provided in this paper to demonstrate the use of this framework and its effectiveness.     

Examining the relationship between driver distraction and driving errors: A discussion of theory, studies and methods

Over the past two decades the concept of driver distraction has been the focus of intense research attention. One aspect of distraction for which there has been limited systematic research, however, is its role in driver error causation. This article presents a review of the distraction literature with a view to elucidating what is currently known about the types of driving errors that distraction contributes to and the mechanisms by which distraction induces these errors. The review revealed a number of fundamental gaps in our knowledge, including the number and nature of errors made by drivers when distracted; the mechanisms by which distraction causes errors; whether and how distraction disrupts drivers’ ability to recover from errors; and how system-wide factors moderate the relationship between distraction and error. In closing, we attempt to identify the most appropriate theoretical and methodological approach to drive the integrated study of distraction and error forward. We conclude that it is only through the adoption of a systems approach that integrated countermeasures can be proposed and implemented to mitigate driver errors caused by distraction.     

行为形成因子与人为差错模式的定性关联分析

为揭示人为差错的发生规律以便有效管理人为差错,研究行为形成因子与人为差错模式间的对应关系。将行为形成因子作为情景环境的表征,在SRK(skill,rule,knowledge)模型的基础上,将认知功能的效能分为3种指标:全面性、准确性和效率,将认知功能与效能指标相结合得到人为差错模式的分类。在此基础上,根据经验详细分析行为形成因子对认知功能3种效能指标的影响,得到行为形成因子与人为差错模式的关联关系表格。该关联关系是定性的,包含密切关联、重要关联、一般关联和没有关联4种关联程度,不但可以用于人为差错事件的调查,而且可以用于人为差错模式的预测。