盐分和淹水增加对河口潮汐淡水沼泽湿地土壤磷形态和磷酸酶活性的影响

选取中国东南沿海闽江河口潮汐淡水沼泽湿地土壤作为研究对象,研究不同盐分(淡水对照、低盐处理、高盐处理)和不同淹水(CK、CK+15 cm、CK+30 cm)交互处理对土壤磷形态和磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明,在闽江河口潮汐淡水沼泽湿地土壤中,无机磷是土壤总磷的主要赋存形态,约占总磷含量的68%~82%,有机磷含量约占总磷的18%~32%.无机磷以铁铝结合态磷为主(60%~66%),其次为钙结合态磷和闭蓄态磷.淹水处理对磷的总量和形态的影响有限,盐分变化对磷的总量和形态影响显著.低盐处理可增加铁铝结合态磷、闭蓄态磷含量及碱性磷酸酶活性,而高盐处理则对它们表现出抑制作用.随着盐分的增加,土壤总磷含量逐渐降低,土壤中钙结合态磷含量和磷酸盐含量将逐渐升高.相关分析表明,有机磷含量与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性呈负相关,无机磷含量与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性呈正相关.当盐分由淡水变化至低盐时,土壤磷的形态主要由有机磷向无机磷转化;而当盐分由低盐变化至高盐时,无机磷占比降低,有机磷占比增加.研究结果表明,碱性磷酸酶活性在磷形态对盐分和淹水的响应中发挥着重要作用.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF LONG‐TERM FRESHWATER TRANSPORT IN APALACHICOLA BAY1

ABSTRACT: Long‐term freshwater transport is an important factor affecting estuarine aquatic ecosystems. In this study, a primitive equation, prognostic, three‐dimensional, hydrodynamic model was applied to Apalachicola Bay, Florida, for the summer and fall seasons of 1993. In response to the river freshwater discharge, tide, and wind forces, the model simulations were used to characterize the long‐term freshwater transport processes in the bay. Analysis of spatial distributions of seasonal average salinity and currents shows that the long‐term freshwater transport was strongly affected by the forcing functions of wind and density gradient in the bay. Average freshwater input was approximately the same in the summer and fall seasons of 1993. However, in the summer season, more freshwater moved to the east direction due to the predominant wind from the west, while in the fall season more freshwater moved to the west in response to the wind primarily from the east. The water column was strongly stratified near the river mouth, and it gradually changed to well mixing near the ocean boundaries. Vertical stratification in the bay changed due to wind‐induced mixing and mass transport. Due to the density gradient effect, surface residual currents carrying fresher water were in the direction from the river toward the Gulf, while the bottom residual currents with saltier water entered the bay from the Gulf of Mexico.     

原生滩涂植被演替带土壤Cd形态分布及其生态风险评价

为了解原生滨海滩涂不同植被演替带土壤镉(Cd)的含量特征、赋存形态及生态风险,以盐城地区原生滨海滩涂为研究对象,利用BCR 3步提取法分析了不同植被演替带土壤Cd的含量及赋存形态,并采用平均沉积物质量基准系数法(SQG-Q)和风险评价准则(RAC)对Cd的潜在生态风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,原生滩涂土壤中总Cd(CdT)含量在2.21~3.61 mg·kg~(-1)之间,远高于江苏沿海土壤Cd背景值和国家土壤环境质量三级标准;不同植被演替带间,CdT含量表现为互花米草滩碱蓬滩芦苇滩光滩;SQG-Q系数显示该地区土壤CdT处于中等风险,互花米草滩风险相对较高;总体上原生滩涂土壤中可还原态Cd比例较低(12.8%),而酸溶态、可氧化态、残渣态三者差异不大(分别为28.2%、29.8%,29.2%);互花米草滩和芦苇滩酸溶态Cd比例(30.5%、37.0%)显著高于碱蓬滩和光滩(28.2%、20.6%),而残渣态Cd(21.5%、20.9%)则显著低于碱蓬滩和光滩(41.5%、45.6%);RAC评价结果显示,滩涂土壤Cd总体上呈现中等风险,而互花米草滩和芦苇滩达到高风险。以上结果显示,原生滨海滩涂土壤Cd已存在一定的生态风险,其中互花米草滩风险相对较高,随着互花米草的扩张及围垦面积的扩大,其重金属风险值得关注。     

盘锦近岸海域无机氮污染因子削减与预测

通过盘锦海域的海水质量和水文分析,建立盘锦海域潮流场模型。在不同输入条件下,利用潮流场模型对近岸海域的无机氮污染物含量变化响应进行模拟,得出3条河流(辽河、大辽河和大凌河)无机氮削减值,在此条件下可实现近岸海域无机氮达标要求。     

潮间带沉积物中酸提重金属的垂直分布与活性研究

潮间带的高、中、低潮带由于曝气时间不同,氧化层厚度依次变浅,以1mol/LHCI提取的重金属(AEM)垂直分布趋势各异,20cm以上各潮带酸提重金属最大值出现的层次不同,但Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni在相同的潮带垂直分布趋势一致,原因是酸可挥发硫含量大于重金属,AEM主要来自于二价硫结合态,但低潮带有部分AEM应来自于铁锰结合态或有机结合态;中潮带沉积物中重金属易于向上覆水释放。     

CCME WQI在入海河流(鳌江)感潮河段水质评价中的应用

水质指数(WQI)在环境保护的日常工作中发挥了重要作用。以鳌江为例,运用加拿大环境部长理事会水质指数(CCME WQI)方法,选取pH、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮、总磷、石油类、氟化物、阴离子表面活性剂、粪大肠菌群10项水质监测项目,评估了入海河流干流感潮河段4个监测断面的地表水环境质量,并对CCME WQI与最差因子法以及CCME WQI优缺点进行比较和分析。研究结果显示,2014年埭头、江屿、方岩渡、江口渡监测断面水质分别为良好、较差、中等、中等。与传统水质评价最差因子法比较,运用CCME WQI评价结果容忍度较高,更贴近实际水质状况。CCME WQI量化形式为属地流域环境管理带来便利。监测断面水质目标和参评项目对CCME WQI评价结果起决定性作用。针对CCME WQI在实际应用中存在的问题给出了建议。     

长江口崇明东滩底栖动物在不同类型沉积物的分布及季节性变化

研究分析崇明东滩沉积物类型对底栖动物种群生长的限制和底栖动物对不同类型沉积物的选择性.结果表明,砂质的低潮滩较适宜双壳类底栖动物的生长,在四季里,栖息在低潮滩的双壳类底栖动物占整个潮滩双壳类数目的比例分别高达73.4、66.4、98.5和96.9%;相反,腹足类底栖动物适宜生长在高潮滩的粘土质粉砂,四个季度中分别有77.5、64.4、69.3和92.4%的腹足动物栖息在高潮滩;甲壳类多栖息在高、中潮滩,但在9月份,由于正是蟹类的生殖季节,低潮滩的甲壳动物却占有了相当的比例,约51.6%.并以食悬浮物底栖动物和食底泥动物的分布丰度对沉积物粒径分别做回归性分析,得到方程分别是y＝39.496x-790.07（r＝0.9223）, y＝-127.27x＋6037.7（r= 0.9489）.     

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染负荷匡算

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染严重,由于具有交叉污染等特性,造成了整个平原河网存在严重的环境污染和环境安全问题。构建了大尺度非点源污染负荷匡算模型,对南通平原河网地区非点源污染负荷进行了匡算。根据不同的产污方式,将非点源污染分为城镇降雨径流污染、畜禽养殖污染、农田降雨径流污染、农村生活污染和水产养殖污染等5种类型,分别计算其流失过程。     

江苏新洋港潮滩湿地重金属元素Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr分布特征及污染评价

通过对保护区新洋港核心区潮滩表层、柱状沉积物以及不同地貌和植被条件下重金属Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb含量的分析,利用地累积指数法、元素富集指数法、潜在生态危害指数法,对潮滩重金属的污染状况和金属元素富集规律进行了初步研究,并利用不同的指标进行相互验证,分析了生态带植被和沉积物间的重金属地球化学累积.结果表明,1)新洋港的重金属元素Zn、Pb、Cu含量变化走势基本相同,元素归一化后,所有重金属元素的归一化值变化波动范围均比重金属含量值明显收窄,波峰和波谷有后延的趋势,波动趋势基本没变.2)从水平断面的重金属含量分布特点来看,都表现出了从高潮滩向低潮滩递减的趋势,但是递减的速度不同.Cu、Ni、Zn从高潮滩到低潮滩含量递减趋势较明显,Cr、Pb则没有明显的递减趋势.3)新洋港潮间带沉积物中元素Pb、Cr与长江口、黄河口以及中国浅海沉积物和江苏土壤相比呈现不同程度的富集.Pb超出最多,其EF值达到3.774.4)新洋港RI值为23.552,虽然存在一定的重金属富集和污染,但其尚未产生生态危害,整体新洋港核心区重金属环境质量优良.     

Mercury cycling and sequestration in salt marshes sediments: an ecosystem service provided by Juncus maritimus and Scirpus maritimus

In this study two time scales were looked at: a yearlong study was completed, and a 180-day decay experiment was done. Juncus maritimus and Scirpus maritimus have different life cycles, and this seems to have implications in the Hg-contaminated salt marsh sediment chemical environment, namely Eh and pH. In addition, the belowground biomass decomposition rates were faster for J. maritimus, as well as the biomass turnover rates. Results show that all these species-specific factors have implications in the mercury dynamics and sequestration. Meaning that J. maritimus belowground biomass has a sequestration capacity for mercury per square metre approximately 4-5 times higher than S. maritimus, i.e., in S. maritimus colonized areas Hg is more extensively exchange between belowground biomass and the rhizosediment. In conclusion, J. maritimus seems to provide a comparatively higher ecosystem service through phytostabilization (Hg complexation in the rhizosediment) and through phytoaccumulation (Hg sequestration in the belowground biomass).