外加气体对等离子体降解水相中有机污染物的影响研究

研究了等离子体在内电极通氧气、氮气、空气和氦气条件下降解甲基紫的机理。研究表明,在该等离子体发生器结构下,等离子体能降解甲基紫,且在不同气体气氛下的降解产物不同,在氧气氛围下为含—CO和—OH物质及直链烯烃,而氮气氛围下是含—N、—NH和—OH的芳香类物质及小分子烃类物质。研究同时表明,等离子体降解水相中有机物时应在氧气介质中进行,如用空气则有可能会造成水体中NO-3过高。     

Evidences showing 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron-induced DNA damage in cyanobacteria and detection by PCR

The impact of 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron in inducing DNA damage in three species of cyanobacteria-Anabaena fertilissima, Aulosira fertilissima, and Westiellopsis prolifica as evidenced by PCR-based assays: RAPD and 16S rRNA amplification was examined. Exposure of genomic DNA (in vitro) to pencycuron for 4 days did not produce severe damage in DNA fragments of all three cyanobacterial species whereas exposure to 2,4-D ethyl ester markedly inhibited the template activity of genomic DNA compared to untreated cultures of A. fertilissima. In A. fertilissima a single band of approximately 1000?bp was observed even after 16 days of exposure to 60?ppm pencycuron which suggests that certain segments of DNA are resistant to pencycuron DNA damaging effects. However, a significant effect was observed in the case of W. prolifica for 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron where complete disappearance of fragments was not recorded even after 16 days of incubation and interestingly some new DNA bands were induced. Similar to the effects with RAPD profile, amplification of rRNA was significantly inhibited following exposure of genomic DNA to 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron. Our findings clearly demonstrate that pesticide concentrations affected cyanobacterial DNA and lethality of these microbes might be due to irreversible DNA damage. Thus, it is postulated that PCR assays may be conveniently used for screening DNA damage produced by 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron in all three cyanobacteria examined in this study.     

Photolysis of chlorimuron‐ethyl

To examine the photostability of the herbicide chlorimuron‐ethyl (ethyl‐2‐[[[[(4‐methoxy‐6‐chloro‐pyrimidin‐2‐yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate) in the field, model experiment with organic solvent was performed. Photolysis of chlorimuron‐ethyl in methanol solution resulted in the formation of seven major and five minor photoproducts, isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. Major photoproducts reported were formed by the cleavage of sulfonylurea bridge, contraction of sulfonylurea bridge, methylation of urea nitrogen and cyclisation, whereas minor products by dechlorination.     

生物滴滤塔处理模拟印刷有机废气

选取甲苯、乙酸乙酯为目标污染物模拟印刷有机废气,采用生物滴滤塔对其进行处理。从某污水处理厂曝气池活性污泥中筛选出3株能够高效降解甲苯、乙酸乙酯的优势菌种,经鉴定分别为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、蜡状芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）。实验结果表明：增大乙酸乙酯配比对VOCs去除率影响不大,而增大甲苯配比导致VOCs去除率下降明显;在进气VOCs质量浓度为约800 mg/m³（甲苯与乙酸乙酯的体积比1∶1）、气体空床接触时间为300 s、菌液喷淋量为800 L/h、菌液温度为25 ℃的条件下,VOCs去除率可达约99%。生物滴滤塔运行一段时间后,对菌种进行再鉴定,结果与处理前一致。     

紫外光度法测定水中挥发酚的研究

在国家标准方法中,测定挥发酚用4-氨基安替比林直接光度法和萃取光度法。但该方法测定范围小,上下限分别是2.5mg/L和0.12mg/L,且4-氨基安替比林、铁氰化钾等试剂不稳定,影响测定结果的准确度,方法繁琐。文章提出用紫外光度法测定水中的挥发酚。此方法不仅使测定范围增大到0.409～120mg/L,减少水样稀释比过大引起的误差及干扰,而且简便、快速、准确。通过实验证明,本方法与标准方法有很好的可比性及重现性。     

炼油厂二硫醚恶臭污染物的监测

建立了气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)及硫化学发光检测气相色谱法(GC - SCD)定性和定量测定炼油厂二硫醚类恶臭污染物二甲二硫、乙基甲基二硫醚和二乙基二硫醚的方法.当进样体积为0.1mL时,GC - SCD法的二硫醚最低检出限为0.1～0.2 mg/m3,二甲二硫和乙基甲基二硫醚的RSD不超过2.4％(n=5),二甲...     

反相流动注射法测定海水中磷酸盐

建立了反相流动注射-结晶紫-磷钼杂多酸离子缔合体系测定海水中磷酸盐的方法,确立了最佳试验条件,有效解决了海水的盐度干扰问题.方法线性良好,检出限为0.1 μg/L,精密度和准确度均符合要求,且流路简单,操作方便,可用于现场自动分析.     

双载体催化剂协同DBD氧化吸附态乙酸乙酯

以13X为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备分别负载Mn、Mo和Fe的金属氧化物的催化剂,并与载体γ-Al₂O₃混合作为介质阻挡放电(DBD)的填料降解吸附态乙酸乙酯.实验结果表明,Mn/13X的乙酸乙酯氧化降解效果优于Mo/13X和Fe/13X,放电120 min时,其矿化率可达61.5%,CO₂选择性为98.2%,其副产物O₃和N₂O的排放浓度也最低.在Mn/13X中加入γ-Al₂O₃,当两者质量比例为1∶1时,由于双载体间的协同作用,吸附态乙酸乙酯的矿化率可进一步提高至64.4%.最后,结合反应器出口气体中和催化剂表面的中间有机副产物,分析了吸附态乙酸乙酯在DBD中的降解机理.     

粉煤灰基多孔材料负载纳米铁的制备及其对龙胆紫的去除效果

为制备新型可再生吸附反应材料,以工业废弃物粉煤灰、棕榈壳等为主要原料,烧结制备FAP（粉煤灰基多孔材料）,并以FAP为载体负载纳米零价铁,制备FAP/nZVI（粉煤灰基纳米零价铁多孔材料）,以散失率、龙胆紫去除率、纳米零价铁负载量等为指标,确定FAP及FAP/nZVI的最佳制备条件,并考察二者对染料龙胆紫的去除特性.结果表明:① FAP的最佳制备条件为m（粉煤灰）:m（膨润土）:m（棕榈壳）=190:95:15,升温速率10℃/min,烧结温度800℃,保温时间30 min.② FAP/nZVI最佳制备条件为m（Fe）/m（FAP）1:3,振荡时间1 h,选用抗坏血酸为稳定剂,过程中无需使用惰性气体;SEM结果表明纳米零价铁被成功负载于FAP上.③ FAP/nZVI对200 mg/L龙胆紫的去除率为94.8%,FAP同条件下的去除率仅为26.2%,FAP/nZVI对龙胆紫的去除同时存在物理吸附和化学还原作用,并且纳米零价铁的还原占主导作用.④ FAP/nZVI再生10次后30 min内对100 mg/L龙胆紫去除率高达97.6%.研究显示,FAP可将纳米零价铁氧化产物Fe2+固定在表面,经还原后可再生为纳米零价铁,具有良好的再生性能.      

小麦秸秆生物炭对水中对羟基苯甲酸乙酯的吸附特性

对羟基苯甲酸乙酯属于尼泊金酯类物质,是一种典型的新兴环境污染物.本研究通过制得不同热解温度(300、500和700℃)下的小麦秸秆生物炭(分别表示为BC300、BC500、BC700),对水中对羟基苯甲酸乙酯进行间歇吸附.结果表明,热解温度升高会导致生物炭表面疏水性增强,且引起零电荷点从8.37升至9.42.溶液初始p H值由8升至12时,对羟基苯甲酸乙酯去除率显著递减;此外,溶液离子强度的增强会导致对羟基苯甲酸乙酯去除率的下降.生物炭吸附水中对羟基苯甲酸乙酯的等温吸附过程符合Langmuir方程,其中,最大吸附容量排序为:BC700BC500BC300.同时,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,且为吸热自发过程.此外,经过4轮再生吸附,生物炭吸附容量仍可达到最初的90%,其中,BC700展示出最高的吸附效率(92.76%).