正十六烷微生物降解酶的定域和酶促降解性

以正十六烷为研究对象,通过室内实验,利用细胞静息技术提取了2株菌种的胞外酶、膜周酶及膜内酶对石油烃类污染物质的微生物降解酶定域,并研究了菌株受环境影响的产酶条件和酶的一般性质. 结果发现:蜡状芽孢杆菌DQ01能降解正十六烷的关键酶位于膜周和膜内,芽孢杆菌DQ02降解正十六烷的关键酶是胞外酶和膜内酶. 通过GC-MS对代谢产物进行测定发现,关键酶对十六烷的代谢途径是常见的单末端氧化. 2株菌种产酶的最佳环境条件:ρ(正十六烷)为100 mg/L,c(鼠李糖脂)为2 mmol/L. 另外,关键酶在pH为6.5～8.0的环境中活性较高,在pH为7.0左右时的活性最高. 酶促降解性的最适温度为30 ℃.      

一株菲降解菌的分离鉴定及其固定化条件研究

从取自某焦化厂生物处理装置的活性污泥中分离筛选出一株菲的降解菌株PH1。经形态学观察和ITS序列分析,对PH1进行了菌种鉴定。采用累托石、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)作为固定化载体材料,氯化钙作为交联剂,将菲的降解菌包埋制备固定化微生物小球,通过正交实验确定了微生物小球的最佳制备条件。结果表明,菌株PH1初步鉴定为茄镰孢菌或该菌的一个株系。在微生物包埋量取10%(v/v)的情况下,固定化茄镰孢菌的最佳制备条件为:累托石2.5%,PVA11%,海藻酸钠0.3%,CaCl2 3%。对于初始浓度为40mg/L的菲溶液,游离茄镰孢菌经过108h对菲的降解效率达到49.25%,固定化茄镰孢菌小球可明显提高对菲的去除效果,经32h,去除率可达到100%。     

复合生物反应器中两相微生物硝化特性比较

采用间歇式复合生物反应器处理人工配制的氨氮废水,进水ＮＨ３－Ｎ浓度约为１６０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＨＲＴ为１２ｈ,ＳＲＴ 为０ｄ,Ｎｖ可达０．１５ｇ（Ｌ．ｄ）。重点比较了反应器中附着相和悬浮相微生物的硝化特性。     

Effects of chaotic acclimation applied on performance of microbial fuel cells

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are one of the bioreactors that produce electrons by metabolizing substrate from microorganisms, and have the ability to both degrade waste solution and produce electrons. Recently, the activity of microorganisms has limited the power performance of MFCs. Chaos has been used to stimulate activity of microorganisms, but it has not been used previously in MFCs. In this study, three types of acclimations – native acclimation (NA), MFC acclimation (MFCA), and MFC embedded with chaotic electric field acclimation (CMFCA) – are applied to realize their performance and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in MFCs, respectively. Results show that the current density and the power density of CMFCA were improved by 1.33 and 1.25 times than MFCA, and the COD removal of CMFCA reached 85% after five days. In addition, the acclimation stage at the condition of CMFCA appeared after 10 days, but was not found for the MFCA system. These observations would provide positive information for improving the performance of MCFs in the future.     

人工湿地处理稀土低水平放射性废水的可行性研究

本文针对稀土低水平放射性废水的特点,分析了稀土低水平放射性废水的人工湿地处理技术的可行性和技术经济优势,并对其需解决的关键问题和技术难点进行了分析和展望。     

Effect of five insecticides on microbial and enzymatic activities in sandy soil

Abstract

A laboratory study was conducted to examine the effects of five insecticides on microbial and enzymatic activities important to fertility in sandy soil. Cyfluthrin significantly increased bacterial populations after 2 wks. Imidacloprid showed an inhibitory effect on fungal numbers after 2 wks incubation while the others did not affect fungal population. No inhibitory effect was observed on nitrification of soil indigenous nitrogen. All treatments stimulated S‐oxidation after 4 wks. With the exception of cyfluthrin and imidacloprid after 2 wks, denitrification in sandy soil indicated that all treatment inhibited denitrification throughout the experiment. No inhibitory effects on biomass‐c were observed during 2‐wk periods. An inhibitory effect was observed on amylase after 1 wk while significant recovery was observed after 3 wks. With the exception of HgCl₂, no effect was observed on reducing sugar formation for 2 wks with all treatments. Formazan formation resulting from dehydrogenase activity was significantly greater with tebupirimphos and Aztec for 1 wk. All treatments supressed phosphatase activity for 1 wk, while none of the treatments suppressed phosphatase activity after 2 wks. Amitraz, tebupirimphos and Aztec inhibited urease activity for 1 wk. With the exception of tebupirimphos, no treatments affected N₂‐fixation in soil. Although short‐lived inhibitory effects on activities of microbes and enzymes were caused by the insecticides, the soil indigenous microbes can tolerate the chemicals used for control of soil pests.     

The fate of methoxychlor in soils and transformation by soil microorganisms

Abstract

Methoxychlor was found to be sufficiently persistant in soil and its residues were present even 18 months after the soil treatment. Saprophytes, fungi and actinomyces were unaffected by varying concentrations of methoxychlor, azotobacter however was susceptable. Soil strains isolated did not utilize methoxychlor as a sole carbon source except for 9 cultures belonging to the genera Bacillus, Acineto‐bacter and Rhodococcus which carried out the complete dechlorination, demethylation and splitting of one of methoxychlor aromatic rings. Anaerobic conditions were more favorable for methoxychlor biodegradation by soil and pure microbial cultures.     

四氢呋喃对贴沙河水pH、溶解氧及微生物的影响

四氢呋喃是一种应用非常广泛的工业有机溶剂和中间体,但因其高水溶性和难生物降解性,使得四氢呋喃极容易进入水体和土壤中,造成环境污染。由于水具有流动性,污染物易随水体扩散,因此考察四氢呋喃对于水质的影响更显紧迫。选择了杭州市饮用水源——贴沙河作为考察对象,测定不同浓度四氢呋喃引起的贴沙河水短期和长期pH、溶解氧及可培养微生物数量这3个重要水质指标的变化,研究四氢呋喃对水体可能造成的影响。结果经过统计分析发现,四氢呋喃的添加使得水体pH随其浓度增加而显著上升;与空白对照相比,四氢呋喃使水体中微生物数量显著下降,但在实验设定不同浓度之间差异性不显著;四氢呋喃对河水溶解氧的影响不显著。     

Biostyr曝气生物滤池处理城市污水的沿程生化特性

青岛市麦岛污水处理厂采用曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理城市污水,以稳定运行的Biostyr为研究载体,考察滤池COD、NH3-N、SS和细菌数量等生化特性的沿程变化.结果表明,在气水比为4∶1～5∶1、进水COD负荷为2.5 ～3.7 kg/(m3·d)、进水NH3-N负荷为0.18～0.57 kg/(m3·d)时,滤池对COD的降解主要在150 cm填料以下处,COD的去除率可达58.9％;NH3-N去除率沿滤柱高度的变化与COD有所不同,在100 cm以下填料处,NH3-N的去除率仅为3.6％,在100 ～350 cm填料之间,NH3-N的去除率增加迅速,可达56.1％;对SS的去除主要发生在100 cm填料以下,去除率达51.7％.     

生物过滤法处理低浓度有机废气的研究进展

介绍了生物过滤法处理低浓度有机废气的基本工艺流程,阐述了近年来国内外针对生物滤池性能影响因素的研究进展,包括微生物、填料、湿度、温度、pH和营养等,指出了各因素在生物滤池运行过程中的作用及存在问题,并对应用生物过滤技术的前景进行了分析。